Capitulation

Japanese: カピチュレーション（英語表記）capitulation

Extraterritoriality granted by Middle Eastern countries to European countries. Its main contents include consular jurisdiction, tax exemption, and occupation of residential areas including public facilities. Its origins are said to be in an agreement that Harun al-Rashid of the Abbasid Caliphate granted to the Frankish Empire in the 9th century for the convenience of trade. The Byzantine Empire and Crusader principalities also granted it to Italian cities to protect their trade activities. In the Ottoman Empire, it began with a treaty between Suleiman I and Francis I of France in 1535, and was later concluded by countries such as Britain and Russia, leading the way in the invasion of the Middle East. It continued to exist in the Treaty of Sèvres after World War I, but was abolished by the Treaty of Lausanne. The extraterritoriality demanded by the great powers of Egypt, China, Japan, and other countries is of the same nature.

Source: Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition About Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition

Japanese:

中東諸国がヨーロッパ諸国に認めた治外法権。領事裁判権，租税免除，公立施設を含む居留区の占有などをおもな内容とする
起源は９世紀にアッバース朝のハールーン＝アッラシードがフランク王国人に通商の便宜上認めた協約にあるという。ビザンツ帝国や十字軍の諸侯国も，これをイタリア諸都市に与え，貿易活動を保護した。オスマン帝国においてはスレイマン１世がフランスのフランソワ１世と1535年に条約を結んだのが始まりで，のちイギリス・ロシアなどの諸国も締結し，中東侵略の先端をつくった。第一次世界大戦後，セーヴル条約では存続したが，ローザンヌ条約で廃止。エジプト・中国・日本などに列強が要求した治外法権も同じ性格のものである。

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