The Concordance of Umar

...With the establishment of Islam, they, along with Christians, were considered "People of the Book" and placed under the protection of the ruling power as dhimmis on condition that they paid a certain poll tax (jizya). The degree of freedom that Jews were able to enjoy varied depending on the region and the era. Despite the Concordat of Umar (which is said to have been established by the second orthodox caliph, Umar I, but was actually established around 800), which prohibited Jews from holding public office, in the Iberian Peninsula and elsewhere, Jews, along with Christians, were often employed by dynasty rulers due to their high cultural and economic level, and many of them held high government positions. Conversely, in areas under the rule of the Almohad dynasty (1130-1269), there were periods when Jews were severely persecuted. ...

*Some of the terminology used in reference to the "Agreement of Umar" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…イスラムの成立とともに彼らはキリスト教徒とならんで〈啓典の民〉として，一定の人頭税(ジズヤ)の支払いを条件にジンミーとして支配権力の庇護のもとにおかれた。ユダヤ教徒がどこまで自由を享受できたかは地域と時代により異なり，公職に就くことを禁じたウマル協約(第2代正統カリフ，ウマル1世によるとされるが，実際には800年ころに成立したもの)にもかかわらず，イベリア半島などでは，キリスト教徒とともにユダヤ教徒もその高い文化的･経済的水準により王朝支配者に召し抱えられ，高い官職に就いた例も少なくない。逆にムワッヒド朝(1130‐1269)支配下の地域では，ユダヤ教徒が激しい迫害を受けた時期もある。…

※「ウマル協約」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報