Abbasid Caliphate - Abbas Caliphate

Japanese: アッバース朝 - あっばーすちょう
Abbasid Caliphate - Abbas Caliphate

An early Islamic dynasty that lasted from 750 to 1258. However, the vast territory that was established at the time, stretching from Maghreb in the west to Ma'wara al-Nahr in the east, gradually shrank, and the Abbasid caliphs were only able to reign as sovereigns in both religious and political terms until 946, after which they lost real political power and only maintained religious authority.

[Kimi Morimoto]

Established

The Abbasid Caliphate was the result of a large-scale organized movement called the "Abbasid Revolution." Several rebellions occurred during the Umayyad period, and among those who rebelled against the rule of the Umayyad caliphate, the idea gradually spread that the only person qualified to become the supreme leader of the Islamic state must be from the family of the Prophet, that is, the "family of Muhammad." The Abbasids, members of the family of Muhammad, used this idea to launch an underground movement to overthrow the Umayyad Caliphate. This was particularly successful in Khorasan, Iran, and in 747, under the guidance of Abu Muslim, a secret propagandist sent by the Abbasids, they launched an armed uprising near Mar'u (Merv, now Mari), and eventually invaded Iraq, and in 749, Saffah, the head of the Abbasid family, declared himself caliph in Kufa, and the following year, the last Umayyad caliph was killed, and the Abbasid Caliphate was officially established. However, at this time, if we were talking about someone from the family of Muhammad, the Ali family, descendants of Ali who married Muhammad's daughter Fatima, were more suitable, which left the Shiites, who were their party, dissatisfied and became a distant cause of the Shiite rebellions that followed.

[Kimi Morimoto]

system

The essence of the Umayyad system was that a small number of Arab rulers ruled over conquered peoples of other ethnic groups, and non-Arabs could not obtain the same rights as Arabs even if they converted. However, under the Abbasid dynasty, the privileged status of Arabs was lost, and instead many non-Arab converts were appointed to key positions in the state, and at the same time, Islamic clergymen such as theologians and jurists rose to the ruling class alongside bureaucrats, merchants, and landowners. In this way, the Abbasid dynasty realized the ideals of Islamic law in its state and society, and is therefore considered to be an "Islamic empire" in the strict sense of the word.

The second caliph, Mansur, was the one who established the Abbasid regime. He built a new capital, Baghdad, and used a bureaucratic organization, a standing army, and a post office network to establish a centralized, unified regime in accordance with the principle of Islamic unity. The reign of the fifth caliph, Harun al-Rashid, was the heyday of the dynasty. However, in addition to civil wars caused by his sons Amin and Mamun, his son Mu'tasim recruited Turkish slave soldiers into the dynasty's army, and the Turkish slave soldiers eventually became warlords and turned the caliph into a puppet, which led to the semi-independence of the border provinces, and the Zanj Rebellion and the Qarmatian rebellion in Iraq, which were caused by black agricultural slaves.

[Kimi Morimoto]

Decline and Fall

The 15th caliph, Mu'atamid's brother, Muwaffaq, worked tirelessly to restore order, and the empire entered an era of economic and cultural development. However, the luxury of the court, the expansion of the bureaucracy, and rising military expenses led to a chronic deficit in national finances, which went into complete bankruptcy by the middle of the 10th century. Dissatisfied with this, the military class seized power in 936, and the caliph lost most of his real political power. In early 946, the Iranian military regime of the Buyid dynasty occupied Baghdad, and the Abbasid state collapsed. Although the Buyid dynasty belonged to the Shiite sect, they did not abolish the Abbasid caliphate, and so the military regime in charge of administration and military affairs and the caliphate authorities in charge of religion, law enforcement, education, etc. began to coexist, and socially the era of the military iqta system began. When the Seljuk Empire, which succeeded the Buyid dynasty in seizing political power, split up in the early 13th century, creating a power vacuum in Iraq, the 34th caliph, Nasir, sought to restore a caliphate that combined political and religious powers, but the caliphate was completely destroyed when Baghdad was overrun by the pagan Mongol army in 1258.

[Kimi Morimoto]

"The Development of Islamic States" by Kimimasa Morimoto (included in Iwanami Lecture Series World History 8: Middle Ages 2, 1969, Iwanami Shoten)

Abbasid Caliphate/Brief Family Tree
©Shogakukan ">

Abbasid Caliphate/Brief Family Tree


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

750年から1258年まで続いた初期イスラムの王朝。ただ成立当初、西はマグリブ(マグレブ)から東はマーワラー・アンナフルまであった広大な版図は、しだいに縮小するとともに、アッバース‘Abbās家カリフが宗教と政治のいずれの面においても主権者として君臨できたのは946年までで、それ以降は政治上の実権を失い、宗教上の権威のみを保持したにすぎない。

[森本公誠]

成立

アッバース朝は「アッバース朝革命」とよばれている大規模な組織運動の結果もたらされた。ウマイヤ朝時代に何回かの反乱が起こったが、そうしたウマイヤ家カリフの支配に反抗する者たちの間から、イスラム教団国家の最高責任者の座につきうる唯一の資格者は、預言者の家族、つまり「ムハンマド(マホメット)家」出身者でなければならないという思想がしだいに広がってきた。ムハンマド家の一員であるアッバース家はこの思想を利用してウマイヤ朝打倒の地下運動を起こした。これはとりわけイランのホラサーンで成功を収め、747年、アッバース家の派遣した秘密宣伝者アブー・ムスリムのもとにマルウ(メルブ、現マリー)近郊で武装蜂起(ほうき)し、やがてイラクに攻め込んで、749年にはアッバース家当主のサッファーフが、クーファでカリフたることを宣言、翌年にはウマイヤ朝最後のカリフが殺され、アッバース朝が正式に成立した。もっともこのとき、ムハンマド家出身者ということであれば、ムハンマドの娘ファーティマを妻としたアリーの子孫のアリー家のほうがよりふさわしいなどの理由から、その党派であるシーア派の不満を残し、以後たび重なるシーア派反乱の遠因となった。

[森本公誠]

体制

ウマイヤ朝体制の本質は、少数の支配者アラブが、被征服民である異民族を統治するということにあって、非アラブ人は改宗してもアラブと同等の権利を得ることができなかった。しかしアッバース朝下では、アラブの特権的地位は失われ、かわりに多くの非アラブ人改宗者が国家の枢要な地位に登用され、同時に官僚、商人、地主らと並んで、神学者や法学者などイスラムの聖職者層が支配階級の座についた。こうしてアッバース朝は、その国家と社会にイスラム法の理念が実現されたため、厳密な意味での「イスラム帝国」だとされる。

 このアッバース朝体制を事実上樹立したのは第2代カリフ、マンスールで、彼は新都バグダードを建設し、官僚機構、常備軍、駅逓網を手段に、イスラムのもつ統一性の原理に従って、中央集権的統一体制の確立に努めた。第5代カリフ、ハールーン・アッラシードの治世はこの王朝の全盛期であった。しかし、その子アミーンとマームーンによる内乱に加え、やはり子のムータシムが王朝の軍団にトルコ人奴隷兵を採用し、やがて軍閥化したトルコ人奴隷兵によってカリフの傀儡(かいらい)化がおこると、辺境諸州の半独立化、イラクにおける黒人農業奴隷ザンジュの乱やカルマト派の反乱が相次いだ。

[森本公誠]

衰亡

第15代カリフ、ムータミドの弟ムワッファクが精力的に治安回復に努めた結果、帝国は経済的、文化的発展の時代を迎えたが、宮廷の奢侈(しゃし)や官僚機構の膨張、軍事費の増大から、国家財政は慢性的赤字となり、10世紀なかば近くなるとまったく破綻(はたん)してしまった。これに不満をもつ軍人階級が936年に政権を掌握し、カリフは政治の実権をほとんど失い、946年初めにはイラン系の軍事政権ブワイフ朝がバグダードを占領し、アッバース朝国家は崩壊した。ブワイフ朝はシーア派に属していたが、アッバース家のカリフ位を廃絶しなかったので、ここに、行政と軍事を担当する軍事政権と、宗教や法の施行、教育などを担当するカリフ当局との並存が始まり、社会的には軍事イクター制の時代に入った。ブワイフ朝のあと政治権力を掌握したセルジューク朝が13世紀の初めに分裂して、イラクに権力の空白状態が生じると、第34代カリフ、ナーシルは政教両権を兼備したカリフ体制を復活させようと努めたが、それも1258年にバグダードが異教徒のモンゴル軍に蹂躙(じゅうりん)されるに及んで、カリフ制は完全に消滅した。

[森本公誠]

『森本公誠著「イスラム国家の展開」(『岩波講座 世界歴史 8 中世 2』1969・岩波書店・所収)』

アッバース朝/略系図
©Shogakukan">

アッバース朝/略系図


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