Rotating magnetic field

Japanese: 回転磁界 - かいてんじかい(英語表記)rotating magnetic field
Rotating magnetic field

A magnetic field related to the AC current of synchronous machines, induction machines, and other AC motors and generators. When magnetic fields produced by multi-phase AC current are combined, a magnetic field is created that rotates at a constant magnitude and speed. For example, if three circular coils of the same structure (same diameter, number of turns, etc.) are arranged offset by 120 degrees as shown in Figure A , and three-phase AC currents i a , i b , and i c are passed through them, a magnetic field that rotates at a constant speed is generated at the center O of the coil. The speed is proportional to the frequency f of the AC; if f is 50 hertz, the speed is 50 rotations per second. The direction of rotation is determined by the phase sequence of the three-phase AC current passed through the coil; when the phases change in the order i a , i b , and i c , the magnetic field rotates in the clockwise direction as shown by the arrow. The strength of the magnetic field is also proportional to the magnitude of the current.

The rotating magnetic field generated in an AC electric machine can be considered with reference to Figure B. a1a2 , b1b2 , and c1c2 show the cross-sections of coils made in a square shape, which are placed in slots (grooves) made on the inner surface of the stator core cylinder (in an actual machine, multiple coils are used for one phase, but in Figure B , one coil is used for each phase). When three coils are connected in a star shape and three-phase currents ia , ib , and ic are passed through them , at the moment when ia is at its maximum, a magnetic field with the distribution shown by the dotted lines is generated, and a magnetic field that rotates at a constant speed while maintaining this distribution state is generated. This is the rotating magnetic field generated in an AC electric machine, and the relationship between the speed , direction of rotation, magnetic field strength, etc. is the same as that described in Figure A. In Figure B , a rotating magnetic field with two poles is generated, but by increasing the number of coils and changing the coil arrangement, a rotating magnetic field with multiple poles can be generated. In this case, the rotation speed slows down in inverse proportion to the number of poles. If the rotation speed is N (units are per minute min -1 ), the current frequency is f (units are hertz Hz), and the number of poles is P , the relationship between the number of poles and the rotational speed of the rotating magnetic field can be expressed as N = 120 f / P.

A rotating magnetic field can also be created by two-phase alternating current. The rotating magnetic field discovered by N. Tesla in the 1880s was created by two-phase alternating current. It was the German electrical engineer Dolibo Dobrovolskii who researched the rotating magnetic field created by three-phase alternating current and succeeded in putting it to practical use as an electric motor in 1889.

[Naoyoshi Isobe and Masayuki Morimoto]

[Reference items] | AC | Synchronous machine | Induction machine
A rotating magnetic field created by three coils placed in space (Figure A)
©Shogakukan ">

A rotating magnetic field created by three coils placed in space...

Rotating magnetic field generated in a three-phase AC electric machine (Figure B)
©Shogakukan ">

Rotating magnetic field generated in a three-phase AC electric machine (Fig.…


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

同期機、誘導機などの交流の電動機や発電機の交流電流と関係する磁界。多相交流電流による磁界を合成すると、一定の大きさ、一定速度で回転するような磁界がつくられる。たとえば、三つの同じ構造(直径、巻数(まきすう)などが同じ)の円形コイルを図Aのように120度ずつずらして配置し、これに三相交流iaibicを流すと、コイルの中心Oには一定速度で回る磁界を生ずる。その速度は、交流の周波数fに比例し、fが50ヘルツなら毎秒50回転の速度となる。回転方向は、コイルに流す三相交流の位相順序によって決まり、iaibicの順に変化しているときは、矢印のように時計の針の向きに回る。また磁界の強さは電流の大きさに比例する。

 交流電気機械内に生ずる回転磁界は、図Bによって考えることができる。a1a2b1b2c1c2は、四角形につくられたコイルの断面を示し、これらコイルが固定子鉄心円筒の内面につくったスロット(溝)の中に入れてある(実際の機械では、1相に属するコイルは複数個用いるが、図Bでは1相に1コイルで代表させてある)。三つのコイルを星形に結線して三相電流iaibicを流すと、iaが最大である瞬時には、点線で示した分布の磁界ができ、このような分布状態を保ったまま一定速度で回転する磁界ができる。これが交流電気機械内に生ずる回転磁界で、その速度や回転方向、磁界の強さなどの関係は、図Aで述べたことと同じになる。図Bにおいては、2極の回転磁界を生じているが、コイル数を増し、コイル配置を変えれば、多数極の回転磁界をつくることができる。この場合は極数に反比例し、回転速度が遅くなる。回転数をN(単位は毎分min-1)、電流の周波数を(単位はヘルツHz)、極数をPとすると、極数と回転磁界の回転速度の関係はN=120/Pのように表される。

 回転磁界は二相交流によってもつくることができる。1880年代にN・テスラによって発見された回転磁界は二相交流によるものであった。三相交流による回転磁界を研究し、1889年に電動機として実用化に成功したのは、ドイツの電気工学者ドリボ・ドブロボルスキーである。

[磯部直吉・森本雅之]

[参照項目] | 交流 | 同期機 | 誘導機
空間に置いた3個のコイルがつくる回転磁界〔図A〕
©Shogakukan">

空間に置いた3個のコイルがつくる回転磁…

三相交流電気機械内に生ずる回転磁界〔図B〕
©Shogakukan">

三相交流電気機械内に生ずる回転磁界〔図…


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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