Generally, when the term "amide" is used, it refers to the following two: (1) A general term for compounds in which the hydrogen atom of ammonia is replaced with an acyl group, and compounds in which an alkyl or aryl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom of ammonia. Also called acid amide. (2) A general term for compounds in which the hydrogen atoms of ammonia or amines are replaced with metals. Also called metal amides. [Manabu Yamamoto] Acid amideA general term for compounds in which the hydrogen atom of ammonia (NH3 ) is replaced with the acyl group RCO-, RCONH2 , and compounds in which an alkyl or aryl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom of ammonia. Depending on the number of alkyl (aryl) groups bonded to the nitrogen atom, they are classified as primary amides ( RCONH2 ), secondary amides (RCONHR'), and tertiary amides (RCONR'R"). They are important derivatives of carboxylic acids RCOOH. Cyclic amides are called lactams. Compounds in which two acyl groups are bonded to the nitrogen atom are called imides or acid imides. [Manabu Yamamoto] Manufacturing methodAmmonia (or amines) are acylated with acid chlorides (acid halides), acid anhydrides, esters, etc. The reaction using ammonia and an amine is shown in . The reaction gives N -substituted and N , N -disubstituted acid amides, respectively. In addition, water is added to nitriles, [Manabu Yamamoto] Properties and usesIn the -CONH- form, the amides have both the -NH group, which acts as a proton donor and the -C=O group, which acts as a proton acceptor, so the molecules are strongly bonded together by hydrogen bonds, and low-chain amides in particular have high melting and boiling points compared to their molecular weight. Formamide HCONH2 , the amide of formic acid, is a liquid, but all other amides are colorless crystals. Low-chain amides are soluble in water, but high-chain amides are insoluble. The basicity of the nitrogen atom is weakened by the electron-withdrawing acyl group, so it is neutral to litmus, but forms an unstable salt with weak acids. It hydrolyzes to carboxylic acid and ammonia. RCONH 2 +H 2 O―→RCOOH+NH 3
RCONH2 + Br2 + 4KOH An analogue of amide is urea H2NCONH2 . Also, sulfonamide RSO2NH2 is a compound in which a sulfonyl group RSO2- is bonded to the nitrogen atom instead of an acyl group. [Manabu Yamamoto] Metal AmidesAmides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals are obtained by reacting the metals themselves or metal hydrides with liquid ammonia. They are deliquescent white crystalline substances. They are insoluble in organic solvents and react violently with water, decomposing into metal hydroxides and ammonia. They dissociate in liquid ammonia as follows: KNH2K + + NH2- There are also amides in which the hydrogen atoms of primary and secondary amines are replaced by metals. For example, lithium diisopropylamide is obtained by reacting diisopropylamine with butyllithium. This compound is soluble in organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and is widely used as a proton abstracting agent in various condensation reactions. [Manabu Yamamoto] "Wade's Organic Chemistry 3" by L. G. Wade, translated by Tetsuo Otsuki, Katsuyuki Ogura, Juro Ojima, Akira Hosomi, Takahisa Machiguchi, and Yoshinori Yamamoto (1989, Maruzen)" ▽ "Experimental Science Lectures 22: Organic Synthesis 4: Acids, Amino Acids, and Peptides" 4th Edition (1992, Maruzen) edited by the Chemical Society of Japan" ▽ "Structural Formulas and Chemical Names" by Hiroshi Takahashi (1996, Sankyo Publishing)" ▽ "Woolett's Organic Chemistry" by R. J. Woolett, translated by Tomoyoshi Takahashi, Akira Horiuchi, Chikao Hashimoto, and Norio Suda (2002, Kagaku Dojin)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | halide| | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Preparation of amides (Diagram) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
普通、アミドという場合には、以下の二つをいう。 (1)アンモニアの水素原子をアシル基で置換した化合物、およびアンモニアの窒素原子にアルキル基あるいはアリール基が結合した化合物の総称。酸アミドacid amideともいう。 (2)アンモニアまたはアミンの水素原子を金属で置換した化合物の総称。金属アミドmetal amideともいう。 [山本 学] 酸アミドアンモニアNH3の水素原子をアシル基RCO-で置換したRCONH2、およびアンモニアの窒素原子にアルキル基あるいはアリール基が結合した化合物の総称である。窒素原子に結合するアルキル(アリール)基の数によって、第一級アミド(RCONH2)、第二級アミド(RCONHR')、第三級アミド(RCONR'R")と分類する。カルボン酸RCOOHの誘導体として重要である。環状のアミドはラクタムとよばれる。窒素原子に2個のアシル基が結合したものは、イミドあるいは酸イミドという。 [山本 学] 製法アンモニア(またはアミン)を酸塩化物(酸ハロゲン化物)、酸無水物、エステルなどによってアシル化する。 にアンモニアとアミンを用いた反応を示す。それぞれ酸アミドのN-置換体、N,N-ジ置換体が得られる。 ほかにニトリルに水を付加したり、 [山本 学] 性質・用途-CONH-型では、水素結合に必要なプロトン(陽子)供与体となる-NH原子団と、プロトン受容体となる-C=O原子団の両方をもつため、水素結合により分子どうしが強く結合し、とくに低位のアミドは分子量の割に融点や沸点が高い。ギ酸のアミドであるホルムアミドHCONH2は液体であるが、これ以外のアミドはいずれも無色の結晶である。低位のものは水に溶けるが、高位になると不溶になる。 窒素原子の塩基性は、電子吸引性であるアシル基によって弱められており、リトマスに対しては中性であるが、弱酸の作用で不安定な塩をつくる。加水分解すればカルボン酸とアンモニアになる。 RCONH2+H2O―→RCOOH+NH3
RCONH2+Br2+4KOH アミドの類縁体として尿素H2NCONH2がある。またアシル基のかわりにスルホニル基RSO2-が窒素原子と結合したものがスルホンアミドRSO2NH2である。 [山本 学] 金属アミドアルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属のアミドは、金属自身あるいは金属水素化物を液体アンモニアと反応させて得られる。潮解性のある白色の結晶性物質。有機溶媒には不溶であり、水と激しく反応して金属水酸化物とアンモニアに分解する。液体アンモニア中で次のように解離する。 KNH2 K++NH2- 第一級アミン、第二級アミンの水素原子が金属と置換したアミドもある。たとえばリチウムジイソプロピルアミドは、ジイソピロピルアミンとブチルリチウムとの反応で得られる。この化合物はテトラヒドロフランなどの有機溶媒に可溶であり、各種縮合反応におけるプロトン引き抜き試薬として広く用いられている。 [山本 学] 『L・G・ウエイド著、大槻哲夫・小倉克之・尾島十郎・細見彰・町口孝久・山本嘉則訳『ウエイド有機化学3』(1989・丸善)』▽『日本化学会編『実験科学講座22 有機合成4 酸・アミノ酸・ペプチド』第4版(1992・丸善)』▽『高橋浩著『構造式と化学名』(1996・三共出版)』▽『R・J・ウーレット著、高橋知義・堀内昭・橋元親夫・須田憲男訳『ウーレット 有機化学』(2002・化学同人)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> アミドの製法〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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