This is an economic model of supply and demand equilibrium that takes into account the fact that demand and supply adjust with a time lag in response to price fluctuations. It is so named because when the price and supply and demand over time are graphed, they resemble a spider's web. This type of cycle is often seen in the prices of agricultural and livestock products, which take a long time to produce. Now, assume that demand is determined by the price of the current period without any time lag, and supply is determined by the price of one period ago with a time lag. The price in period 0 is P0 . The supply volume S1 in period 1 is determined by the price P0 in the previous period. For the market to be cleared in period 1 (i.e., demand and supply are equal), the price must fall to P1 . This is because the supply volume S1 is equal to the demand volume D1 at this time. The supply volume in period 2 is determined to be S2 for the price P1 in period 1 , and in order for there to be an equal demand D2 , the price must be P2 . This process continues indefinitely, creating a spider web-like shape. The equilibrium is at the intersection of the demand curve DD and the supply curve SS, but there are three possible cases as shown in as to whether the spider web path will ultimately converge to equilibrium. (1) shows a stable case where the economy converges to equilibrium, (2) shows an unstable case where the economy diverges without converging to equilibrium, and (3) shows a neutral case where the economy neither converges to equilibrium nor diverges, but circulates along a certain path.From these diagrams, we can see that the stability of equilibrium depends on the slope of the demand curve and the supply curve. In other words, if the absolute value of the slope of the demand curve is smaller than the absolute value of the slope of the supply curve, the equilibrium is stable (as in (1) in ), and if the absolute value of the slope of the demand curve is greater than the absolute value of the slope of the supply curve, the equilibrium is unstable (as in (2) in ). In addition, if the absolute values of the slopes of the demand curve and the supply curve are the same, the equilibrium will circulate along a certain path as in (3) in , and will neither converge nor diverge.[Toshiyuki Uchijima] ©Shogakukan "> Spider Web Theory (Diagram) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
価格変動に対して、需要量や供給量が時間的ずれ(タイム・ラグ)を伴って調整される点を考慮した需給均衡の経済モデル。価格と需給量の時間的経過をグラフ化した場合くもの巣に似ているので、この名がある。生産に時間がかかる農畜産物の価格などの場合に、この型の循環がみられることが多い。 いま、需要はタイム・ラグを伴うことなく、その期の価格により決定され、供給はタイム・ラグを伴い、1期前の価格により決定されるとする。第0期の価格をP0とする。第1期の供給量S1は前期の価格P0により決まる。第1期の市場が清算される(つまり需要と供給が一致する)には、価格はP1に下落せねばならない。このときに供給量S1は需要量D1と等しくなるからである。第1期の価格P1に対して第2期の供給量はS2に決まり、これに等しい需要D2があるためには価格はP2でなければならない。以下同様にこの過程は無限に続き、くもの巣のような形をつくりだす。需要曲線DDと供給曲線SSとの交点が均衡であるが、終局的にくもの巣径路が均衡に収束するか否かについては に示した3通りの場合が考えられる。(1)は均衡に収束する安定的な場合、(2)は均衡に収束することなく発散する不安定な場合、(3)は均衡に収束もせず、また発散もせず、一定の径路を循環する中立的な場合を、それぞれ示したものである。これらの図から、均衡の安定性は、需要曲線と供給曲線の傾きに依存することがわかる。すなわち、需要曲線の傾きの絶対値が供給曲線の傾きの絶対値よりも小さいならば均衡は安定( の(1)の場合)、需要曲線の傾きの絶対値が供給曲線の傾きの絶対値より大きいならば均衡は不安定( の(2)の場合)である。また、需要曲線と供給曲線の傾きの絶対値が同一であれば、 の(3)のように一定の径路を循環し、収束も発散もしない。[内島敏之] ©Shogakukan"> くもの巣理論〔図〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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