Kaga Province - Kaga no Kuni

Located in the central part of Honshu along the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, this is the former name of a province that is the southern half of present-day Ishikawa Prefecture. It originally belonged to Echizen Province, but in March 823 (Kōnin 14), Kaga Province was established as the last province established under the Ritsuryo system, by dividing the two districts of Enuma and Kaga in the northern part of Echizen Province. With the establishment of Kaga Province, five districts and two stations in the northern half of the 13 districts and four stations under Enuma District were divided to form Nomi District, and eight districts and one station in the southern half of the 16 districts and four stations under Kaga District were divided to form Ishikawa District, resulting in a total of four districts. The provincial capital was located in Kofu, Komatsu City, and the provincial temple was also located nearby, reusing the Shokoji Temple, a jogakuji temple, but the ruins are identified as the Kofu abandoned temple. The Engishiki (Completed in 927) lists 42 small shrines within the country as official shrines, and stipulates that they were to make tribute by paying taxes on the following items: silk, silk cloth, and silk were to be the tax-deductible items, white wooden chests, cotton, and rice were to be the tax-deductible items, and paper, madder, safflower, ripe hemp, walnuts, perilla oil, seaweed, and small dried fish were to be the tax-deductible items.

At the end of the Heian period, Kaga became a fiefdom of the Taira clan, but powerful samurai groups such as Hakusan-gu Kaga Baba, a branch temple of Enryaku-ji Temple that had great influence, and the Hayashi and Togashi clans, who were based in the alluvial fan of the Tedori River, rebelled against the rule of the Taira clan, and joined Kiso (Minamoto) Yoshinaka's forces when he advanced west along the Hokuriku road in 1183 (Juei 2). The following year, Yoshinaka fell, and the Hokuriku provinces, including Kaga, came under the control of the Kamakura shogunate, and Hiki Tomomune, the Kamakura Shogun's agricultural envoy, was dispatched, and Hojo Tomotoki and others can be identified as shugo during the Kamakura period. In 1335 (Kenmu 2) under the Kenmu government, local samurai Togashi Takaie was appointed shugo, and even under the Muromachi shogunate system, with the exception of a period in the early Muromachi period, the Togashi clan almost always held the position of shugo as hereditary. The clan established a shugosho in Nonoichi, Ishikawa County, adjacent to their main family home, and developed the management of their territory, but they were plagued by shogunate intervention and internal strife within the clan, and in 1488 (Chokyo 2), shugo Togashi Masachika was attacked by monks and followers of the Shinshu Honganji sect (Ikko Ikki), and committed suicide. As a result, during the Sengoku period, Kaga became a "peasant-owned country," led by Wakamatsu Honsenji Temple, a branch of the Honganji Temple, but eventually the direct control of the Honganji Temple strengthened, with Kanazawa Mido as its base. In 1580 (Tensho 8), Kanazawa Mido was captured by Shibata Katsuie, a subordinate of Oda Nobunaga, and the Ikko Ikki regime that had lasted for nearly 100 years was disintegrated. The ancient Kaga District had already been renamed Kahoku District during the Nanboku-cho period.

In the early modern period, Sakuma Morimasa was stationed in Kanazawa Castle, but in 1583 (Tensho 11), Maeda Toshiie moved from Noto to Kaga and entered Kanazawa Castle. Then, in 1600 (Keicho 5), Maeda Toshinaga gained control of the three provinces of Kaga, Noto, and Etchu, solidifying the foundation for the "Kaga million koku" fief. During the Edo period, most of Kaga Province was under the control of the Kaga Domain, but the entire Enuma District and six villages in Nomi District were under the control of the branch domain of the Daishoji Domain, and 18 villages at the foot of Mt. Hakusan were under the control of the shogunate. Miyanokoshi, at the mouth of the Sai River, in the outer harbor of Kanazawa, and Motoyoshi, at the mouth of the Tedori River in Nomi County, prospered as port towns on the Japan Sea shipping route, and produced wealthy merchants such as Zeniya Gobei and Kidani Touemon. Early modern products include Kaga Yuzen, Kanazawa gold leaf, Kutani ware, and Yamanaka lacquerware.

In 1871 (Meiji 4), the feudal domains were abolished and prefectures were established, resulting in the creation of Kanazawa Prefecture and Daishoji Prefecture, which was soon merged with Kanazawa Prefecture and renamed Ishikawa Prefecture the following year in 1872. At the time, Kaga Province had 93,329 households and a population of 355,576, of which Kanazawa, with a population of over 120,000, was the third largest city after the three major cities of Edo, Osaka, and Kyoto.

[Toyosu Yanagi Fumiaki]

"The History of Ishikawa Prefecture" by Shimoide Tsuneyoshi (1970, Yamakawa Publishing)" ▽ "The History of Ishikawa Prefecture" edited by Wakabayashi Kisaburo (1970, Hokkoku Publishing)" ▽ "The History of Kaga and Noto" edited by Wakabayashi Kisaburo (1978, Kodansha)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

本州中央部の日本海沿岸地域に位置し、現在の石川県域の南半部にあたる旧国名。初め越前(えちぜん)国に属したが、823年（弘仁14）3月、律令(りつりょう)制下の最後の建置国として、越前国北域の江沼(えぬま)・加賀2郡を割いて加賀国が設置された。加賀立国に伴い、江沼郡管下の13郷・4駅のうち、北半部の5郷・2駅を割いて能美(のみ)郡が設けられ、加賀郡管下の16郷・4駅のうちでも、南半部の8郷・1駅が割かれて石川郡が置かれ、4郡構成となった。国府は小松市古府(こふ)に置かれ、国分寺も定額寺の勝興(しょうこう)寺を転用して近くに置かれたが、遺跡としては古府廃寺が比定されている。『延喜式(えんぎしき)』（927成）には、国内の小社42座を官社として登載しており、綾(あや)・帛(はく)・絹が調(ちょう)に、白木韓櫃(しらきのからびつ)・綿・米が庸(よう)に、紙・茜(あかね)・紅花・熟麻(にお)・呉桃子(くるみ)・荏油(えのあぶら)・海藻・雑魚腊(きたい)（丸干し）が中男作物(ちゅうなんさくもつ)として、それぞれ貢納物に規定されていた。

　平安末期、平氏一門の知行国(ちぎょうこく)となったが、延暦寺(えんりゃくじ)の末寺で大いに勢威のあった白山宮加賀馬場(はくさんぐうかがばんば)や、手取(てどり)川扇状地に割拠する林・富樫(とがし)氏らの有力武士団は、平氏の支配に反抗し、1183年（寿永2）木曽(きそ)（源）義仲(よしなか)が北陸道を西上してくるとその麾下(きか)に属した。翌年、義仲が没落すると、加賀を含む北陸道諸国は、鎌倉幕府の支配下となり、鎌倉殿勧農使比企朝宗(ひきともむね)が派遣され、鎌倉期の守護には、北条朝時(ともとき)らを確認できる。1335年（建武2）建武(けんむ)政権のもとで、地元武士の富樫高家(たかいえ)が守護に登用され、室町幕府体制下でも、室町前期の一時期を除き、富樫氏が守護職をほぼ世襲した。同氏は、本貫地に隣接する石川郡の野々市に守護所を置き、領国経営を展開したが、幕府の介入と一族間の内訌(ないこう)に悩まされ、1488年（長享2）守護富樫政親(まさちか)は、真宗本願寺派の坊主・門徒ら（一向一揆(いっこういっき)）に攻められ、自害して果てた。この結果、戦国期の加賀は「百姓持ちの国」となり、本願寺一門の若松本泉寺(わかまつほんせんじ)などが主導したが、やがて金沢御堂(かねざわみどう)を拠点に本願寺の直接支配が強まった。1580年（天正8）織田信長の部将柴田(しばた)勝家らの攻略によって、金沢御堂は陥落、100年近く続いた一向一揆体制は解体した。古代の加賀郡は、南北朝期にはすでに河北郡と改称されている。

　近世になって、佐久間盛政(さくまもりまさ)が金沢城に配置されたが、1583年（天正11）前田利家(としいえ)が能登(のと)から加賀に移り、金沢城に入った。ついで1600年（慶長5）前田利長(としなが)は加賀・能登・越中(えっちゅう)3か国の領有を遂げ、「加賀百万石」の基礎が固められた。江戸期の加賀国は、大半が加賀藩領であったが、江沼郡全域と能美郡6か村は支藩の大聖寺(だいしょうじ)藩領であり、白山麓(ろく)18か村は幕府領となっていた。また、犀川(さいがわ)河口の金沢外港の宮腰(みやのこし)や、手取川河口の能美郡の本吉(もとよし)などは、日本海海運の港町として繁栄し、銭屋(ぜにや)五兵衛・木谷(きや)藤右衛門らの海の豪商が輩出した。近世の物産に、加賀友禅、金沢箔(はく)、九谷焼(くたにやき)、山中漆器などがある。

　1871年（明治4）廃藩置県によって金沢県・大聖寺県が生まれ、大聖寺県はまもなく金沢県に併合、翌72年石川県と改称した。当時の加賀国の戸数は9万3329軒、人口は35万5576人で、うち人口12万余の金沢は、江戸・大坂・京都の三都に次ぐ大都市であった。

［東四柳史明］

『下出積与著『石川県の歴史』（1970・山川出版社）』▽『若林喜三郎監修『石川県の歴史』（1970・北国出版社）』▽『若林喜三郎編著『加賀・能登の歴史』（1978・講談社）』

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