Credit creation - English

Japanese: 信用創造 - しんようそうぞう(英語表記)credit creation 英語
Credit creation - English

This refers to banks creating credit money and lending it out while incurring reserve-free liabilities. This applies equally to issuing banks and deposit-taking banks.

The classic proponent of credit creation theory was Scottish economist H.D. MacLeod in the late 19th century. He argued that the essence of a bank is to create and issue credit on demand, and that "a bank is not a store for lending and borrowing money, but a factory of credit. As Bishop Berkeley said, a bank is a gold mine." It was J.A. Schumpeter who found the significance and role of this credit creation as a driving force of economic development, and he argued that it is the "new combination" of means of production that leads "circulation" to "development," and that it is credit creation that gives entrepreneurs the power to carry it out. In response to this, L.A. Hearn's "A National Economic Theory of Bank Credit" (1920) appeared. He put forward the proposition that "banks' sending and receiving operations precede their receiving operations," and envisioned a cashless economy. In his 1921 Treatise on Banking Credit, American C. A. Phillips summarized these various theories, clearly distinguished between primary and derivative deposits, and expressed the relationship between them in an algebraic formula. According to Phillips, if X is the lending limit, C is cash, R and r are the reserve ratios, and K is the yield rate on derivative deposits, then if there is only one bank in society (if the group of banks that make up a single financial organization are considered as the banking system), then:

Also, when we look at one bank in a banking organization,

This is called Phillips' formula.

Phillips' formulation became the starting point for subsequent research. In the 1930s, doubts arose about the self-recovering power of the capitalist economy, and people turned their attention to the determinants of output and employment levels, leading to the theory of the investment multiplier. This led to the

(where K is credit expansion, C is primary deposits, r is the lending rate, and so 1- r is the cash reserve ratio) is

It came to be understood in conjunction with the theory of investment multiplier ( ΔY is income increase, α is marginal propensity to consume, ΔI is new investment). Under the unique interest of the times, the theory of credit creation was redefined from the perspective of national economy, and here the distinction between cash credit creation and transfer credit creation came to be relativized.

[Yoshinori Suzuki]

"Banking Credit Theory" by Takagi Nobuya (1952, Shunjusha)""Study of Credit Creation Theory" by Fumoto Kenichi (1953, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)""Looking Back at Credit Creation Theory" by Ama Toshizo (included in "Professor Ito Toshio's 60th Birthday Commemorative Collection: Issues in Finance and the Economy", 1969, Chuokoron-Shinsha Publishing)" ▽ "Credit Creation, Money Circulation, and Economic Fluctuations" by Mukai Hisakazu (1991, Dobunkan Publishing)

[References] | Schumpeter | Credit | Credit money

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

無準備の債務を負いつつ銀行が信用貨幣を造出し貸し付けることをいう。発券銀行・預金銀行のいずれにも等しく妥当する。

 信用創造論の古典的主張者は、19世紀後半のスコットランドの経済学者H・D・マクロードである。彼は銀行の本質は要求払いの信用を創造し発行することであるとして、「銀行は貨幣を『貸し』『借り』するための店舗ではなく、信用の製造所なのである。バークレイ僧正の述べたように銀行は金鉱なのである」と主張した。この信用創造に経済発展の起動因としての意義と役割をみいだしたのがJ・A・シュンペーターであって、彼は「循環」を「発展」へと導くものは生産手段の「新結合」であり、企業家にそれを遂行する力を与えるのが信用創造だとした。これを受けてL・A・ハーンの『銀行信用の国民経済的理論』(1920)が登場した。彼は「銀行の授信業務は受信業務に先行する」という命題を掲げ、無現金経済なるものを想定した。アメリカのC・A・フィリップスはその『銀行信用論』(1921)において、こうした諸説を整理し、本源的預金と派生的預金の区別を明確にするとともに両者の関係を代数式で示した。彼に従えば、いまXを貸出限度、Cを現金、Rおよびrを支払準備率、Kを派生的預金歩留り率とすると、ただ一つの銀行しか社会に存在しない場合(一つの金融組織をなす銀行群全体を銀行システムとしてみた場合)には、

 また、銀行組織中の一つの銀行についてみた場合には、

となる。これをフィリップスの公式という。

 フィリップスによる定式化は、その後の研究の出発点となった。1930年代になると、資本主義経済の自動回復力に疑念が生じ、人々の関心は産出高と雇用水準の決定要因に向かい、投資乗数の理論が登場した。それによって信用拡張高に関する、

なる公式(Kは信用拡張高、Cは本源的預金、rは貸付率、したがって1-rは現金準備率)は、

なる投資乗数の理論(ΔYは所得増加、αは限界消費性向、ΔIは新投資)と重ね合わせて理解されるようになった。独特の時代関心の下に、信用創造論は国民経済的観点から改めて意味づけられたが、ここにおいて現金的信用創造と振替的信用創造の区別が相対化されるようになったのである。

[鈴木芳徳]

『高木暢哉著『銀行信用論』(1952・春秋社)』『麓健一著『信用創造理論の研究』(1953・東洋経済新報社)』『天利長三著『信用創造論を顧みて』(『伊藤俊夫教授還暦記念論文集 金融と経済の諸問題』所収・1969・中央公論事業出版)』『向寿一著『信用創造・マネー循環・景気波動』(1991・同文舘出版)』

[参照項目] | シュンペーター | 信用 | 信用貨幣

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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