A general term for a chair with wheels that can be operated by a person who cannot walk even with the use of a cane due to paralysis of the lower limbs, and who can move around by maneuvering it as a substitute for their own legs. In addition to the standard type, various types of wheelchairs are produced. There is a high demand for wheelchairs for people with paralysis of both legs due to spinal cord injury or paralysis of the legs due to cerebrovascular disease. Wheelchairs became widely used by the general public in 1932, when a company specializing in manufacturing wheelchairs was established in the United States. The JIS type, which is the most common standard type of wheelchair, consists of a small wheel at the front and a large wheel at the rear attached to the chair. The small wheels are called caster wheels and are free-rotating wheels. The large wheels are the drive wheels and are fitted with a running ring (hand rim), which the user turns to drive the wheelchair. Training is required to operate this at will, and in addition to training in getting on and off and running, training in sitting with good balance is also important. With the standard type, it is difficult to improve at operating it unless the upper limbs are strong. Other types of wheelchairs include the large front wheel type, which is the easiest to operate and is suitable for the elderly, the one-hand drive type for people who cannot use both hands, the manual chain type for outdoor use, which can be considered a tricycle with a chair, as well as special types such as the hand-pushed type and the prone position type. There are also lightweight, easy-to-fold portable types that can be easily loaded into a car, and electric wheelchairs that can be operated by simply pressing a switch for people who cannot operate them by hand. Once you become adept at using a wheelchair, you can enjoy wheelchair sports such as basketball, archery, and zigzag slalom. This is also a type of therapeutic exercise that is actually used as medical rehabilitation. The Paralympics, held in Olympic years, are a representative international sport for the disabled, and Japan has been sending athletes to international competitions since 1962. The total weight of the sports wheelchairs used in wheelchair sports is 13 kilograms, lighter than the standard model weighing about 20 kilograms, and the wheelchairs can be easily maneuvered and driven. People with lower limb disabilities who need a wheelchair can receive public funding for the creation of a wheelchair if they receive a disability certificate and a disability certificate from a doctor designated by the prefecture. For people with lower limb disabilities, wheelchairs are consumables, with an average useful life of five years, and they need to be replaced every time one is used. In addition, in order to use a wheelchair at home, renovations such as building ramps at entrances and exits are necessary. Recently, there are taxis and buses that wheelchair users can board and disembark in their wheelchairs, and wheelchair-accessible toilets are being installed in large public buildings such as hospitals. Although wheelchairs are used by people with lower limb disabilities, they are also used as transport vehicles in hospitals and other places to transport people who are unable to stand and walk. [Takashi Nagai] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
下肢の麻痺(まひ)などのために杖(つえ)などを使っても歩行ができない人が、自分の足がわりとして自ら操作しながら移動できる車輪付きの椅子の総称。標準型のもののほか、いろいろな種類の車椅子がつくられている。脊髄(せきずい)損傷による両下肢麻痺や脳血管障害による下肢麻痺の人など、その需要は多い。広く一般に使われるようになったのは1932年にアメリカで車椅子を専門につくる会社ができてからである。 車椅子の標準型としてもっとも普及しているJIS(ジス)型は、椅子に取り付けた前方の小車輪と後方の大車輪とからなり、小車輪はキャスター輪とよばれ自由に回る自在輪である。大車輪は駆動輪であり、走行用リング(ハンドリム)がつけられており、自分でこれを回して運転する仕組みになっている。これを意のままに操作するためには訓練が必要で、乗降訓練や走行訓練のほか、バランスよく座る訓練も重要である。標準型の場合には上肢の筋力が強くなければ、操作が上達しにくい。 車椅子にはこのほか、操作がもっとも簡単で老齢者向きの前方大車輪型、両手が使えない人のための片手駆動型、椅子付き三輪自転車ともいえる屋外走行用の手動チェーン型をはじめ、手押し型、腹臥(ふくが)位走行型などの特殊型もある。また、軽くて折り畳みやすい携帯用で容易に自動車にも乗せられるものや、手で操作できない人のためにはスイッチを押すだけで操作できる電動式車椅子などもある。 車椅子を自由に乗りこなせるようになれば、バスケットや洋弓、ジグザグに走行するスラロームなどの車椅子スポーツが楽しめる。これは医学的リハビリテーションとして実際に行われている治療体操の一分野でもある。また、オリンピック開催年に行われるパラリンピックは、国際的な身障者スポーツの代表的なものであり、日本でも1962年(昭和37)以来、国際大会に選手を出場させている。なお、車椅子スポーツに使うスポーツ車の総重量は13キログラムで、標準型の約20キログラムに比べて軽量であり、敏捷(びんしょう)に操作走行ができる車椅子である。 車椅子が必要な下肢不自由者は、各都道府県の指定医の身体障害者診断書によって身体障害者手帳の交付を受ければ、車椅子をつくる場合に公費が助成される。下肢不自由者にとっては車椅子は消耗品であり、平均耐用年数は5年といわれ、そのつど新調する必要がある。また、車椅子を自宅で使用するには、出入口にスロープをつくるなどの改築が必要になる。最近は車椅子使用者のために、車椅子のまま乗降ができるタクシーやバスなどもあり、病院など大きな公共のビルには車椅子用トイレが設置されるようにもなった。 なお、車椅子は下肢不自由者が自分で使用するものであるが、病院などでは起立歩行ができない人を運ぶための運搬車としても利用されている。 [永井 隆] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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