Hainan Island

Japanese: 海南島 - かいなんとう
Hainan Island

An island in southern China. It faces the Leizhou Peninsula across the Qiongzhou Strait. Its area is 33,900 square kilometers. The official population figure for 1994 was 6,913,660. It is the main part of Hainan Province, which was established in 1988. Its capital is Haikou City, at the northern end. From the center to the south of the island, mountain ranges with an average elevation of about 1,500 meters run from northeast to southwest, including Wuzhi Mountain and Limo Ling. In the north, hills and plateaus continue onto the coastal plain, but the southern part is steeply sloping. As it lies south of the 20th parallel, it has a tropical monsoon climate, but precipitation is more in the east and mountains and slightly less in the west, with a clear dry season. Typhoons also frequently strike the east.

Rice is grown twice or three times a year in the paddy fields in the plains and valleys, and sweet potatoes are cultivated on the plateaus and hills, but self-sufficiency in food is difficult. Economic crops include groundnuts, sugarcane, tea, rubber, cocoa, coffee, jute, pepper, coconut, bananas, pineapples, and mangoes. Forests are lush in the mountainous areas, with many hard broadleaf trees and rosewood being produced. Fishing is carried out on the coast, as well as salt production in Yinggehai on the west bank. Industries include the steel industry in Shilu, sugar refining, tea production, food processing such as canned goods, and rubber processing. Traditional crafts include coconut shell crafts and coral crafts. Transportation is centered on Haikou, the gateway to the mainland, and there are air and sea routes from Guangzhou. There are main roads that run from Haikou to the island, including the circular route and the central route, as well as branch routes. In the 1980s, the island was focused on tourism development, and minibuses were introduced to transport tourists. The main tourist sites are Wugongci on the outskirts of Haikou, Hailui Tomb, Liulian Mountain in the east, Xinglong Overseas Chinese Farm, Sarushima Island in the south, Dadong Beach in Sanya, and Tianya Haijiao with its sea cliffs. There are many overseas Chinese tourists from all over Southeast Asia, and the construction of hotels with overseas Chinese capital is progressing. In addition, the villages of the various ethnic minorities who live in the southern mountain areas and convey their unique ethnic cultures are included in the tourist courses, and the production of folk crafts is thriving. In 1988, the entire island was designated a special economic zone, and construction of a modern port is underway at Yangpu Port in the northwest.

[Aoki Chieko and Kono Michihiro]

[Reference item] | Hainan (province)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国南部にある島。瓊州(けいしゅう)海峡で雷州(らいしゅう/レイチョウ)半島と相対する。面積3万3900平方キロメートル。人口は確認できる公式の数字としては1994年当時で691万3660。1988年にできた海南省の主要部分をなす。省都は北端の海口(かいこう/ハイコウ)市。島の中央から南にかけて、北東から南西に向かって五指山、黎母嶺(れいぼれい)などの平均標高1500メートル前後の山脈が走る。北部は丘陵と台地が海岸平野に続くが、南部は急傾斜となっている。北緯20度以南にあるため熱帯季節風気候に属するが、降水量は東部と山地に多く西部はやや少なく、乾期が明瞭(めいりょう)である。また台風の来襲も東部に多い。

 平野と谷間の水田では米の二期作、三期作が行われ、台地、丘陵ではサツマイモが栽培されるが食糧自給は困難である。経済作物としてはラッカセイ、サトウキビ、茶、ゴム、ココア、コーヒー、ジュート(黄麻(こうま))、コショウ、ヤシ、バナナ、パイナップル、マンゴーなどの栽培が盛んである。山地は森林が繁茂し、硬質材の広葉樹が多く紫檀(したん)も産出する。海岸部では漁業のほか、西岸の鶯歌海(おうかかい)などで製塩業が行われる。工業は石碌(せきろく/シールー)の鉄鋼業のほか、製糖、製茶、缶詰などの食品加工、ゴム加工などがある。伝統工芸として椰子殻(やしがら)細工、珊瑚(さんご)細工がつくられる。交通は本土との連絡口である海口が中心で、広州(こうしゅう/コワンチョウ)から空路、航路が開かれており、海口から島内を走る道路は、一周路線と中央路線の幹線のほか支線もある。1980年代に入り観光開発に力が注がれており、マイクロバスが導入され観光客の輸送にあたっている。おもな観光地は、海口郊外の五公詞、海瑞(かいずい)墓、東部の六連山、興隆華僑(かきょう)農場、南部の猿島、三亜の大東海水浴場、海食崖の連なる天涯海角などである。東南アジア各地からの華僑観光客が多く、華僑資本によるホテルの建設が進んでいる。また南部の山地に住む独自の民族文化を伝える各少数民族の村も観光コースに組み入れられており、民芸品の生産が盛んである。1988年全島が経済特区に指定され、北西部の洋浦港には近代的港湾の建設が進められている。

[青木千枝子・河野通博]

[参照項目] | 海南(省)

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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