Potassium nitrate

Japanese: 硝酸カリウム - しょうさんかりうむ(英語表記)potassium nitrate
Potassium nitrate

Nitrate of potassium. It occurs naturally as saltpeter, but the amount is not so large that most of the demand is met by industrially produced saltpeter. In the past, Chilean saltpeter (sodium nitrate) was the main raw material, but in recent years, with the expansion of ammonia production plants, nitric acid and ammonium nitrate have become relatively inexpensive to produce, and a new manufacturing method using these raw materials has been developed.

One method is to neutralize nitric acid with potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate and evaporate the resulting solution to dryness, but in areas where potassium chloride resources are abundant, it is reacted with concentrated nitric acid to produce potassium nitrate along with chlorine through the following reaction:


In addition, a process in which the reaction is carried out in an organic solvent such as butyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, or ethyl ether is also carried out.


At room temperature, it is a colorless orthorhombic crystal, but at 129°C it transitions to a trigonal crystal. Unlike sodium nitrate, it is not hygroscopic. It dissolves in water, and its solubility increases dramatically with increasing temperature. It is slightly soluble in ethanol (ethyl alcohol), but insoluble in ether. When heated above its melting point, it generates oxygen and decomposes.

2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2
It will explode if it is mixed with flammable substances. It is used as a raw material in the manufacture of black powder, matches, fireworks, etc., as well as in fertilizers, glass, glazes, etc., as an oxidizing agent, medicines, and as a color fixative for meat.

[Torii Yasuo]

[Supplementary Material] | Potassium nitrate (Data Note)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

カリウムの硝酸塩。天然には硝石として産出するが、その量はあまり多くないので、需要の大部分は工業的に製造されたものでまかなわれる。古くはチリ硝石(硝酸ナトリウム)が主要原料であったが、近年、アンモニア製造工場の大型化に伴って、硝酸、硝酸アンモニウムなどが比較的安価に生産されるようになったので、これらを原料とした新しい製造法が開発された。

 硝酸を水酸化カリウムや炭酸カリウムで中和し、生成した溶液を蒸発乾固する方法もあるが、塩化カリウム資源の豊富な所では、これを濃硝酸と反応させ、次の反応によって塩素とともに硝酸カリウムを製造している。


また、ブチルアルコール、アミルアルコール、エチルエーテルなどの有機溶媒中で反応させる工程も行われている。


常温では無色斜方晶系の結晶であるが、129℃で三方晶系に転移する。硝酸ナトリウムと異なり吸湿性はない。水に溶け、温度の上昇とともに溶解度は著しく増す。エタノール(エチルアルコール)にはわずかに溶けるが、エーテルには溶けない。融点以上に熱すると酸素を発生して分解する。

  2KNO32KNO2+O2
可燃性物質が共存すると爆発する。黒色火薬、マッチ、花火などの製造原料として用いられるほか、肥料、ガラス、うわぐすりなどの原料や、酸化剤、医薬品、さらに肉類の肉色固定剤などとしても使われる。

[鳥居泰男]

[補完資料] | 硝酸カリウム(データノート)

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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