Taiga (English spelling) Тайга/Tayga Russian

Japanese: タイガ - たいが(英語表記)Тайга/Tayga ロシア語
Taiga (English spelling) Тайга/Tayga Russian

Originally a Russian word, it referred to the vast coniferous forests that developed in Siberia. However, it is now used to refer to all coniferous forests distributed in the subarctic zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Taiga is a very simple forest, consisting mainly of evergreen coniferous trees of the spruce, fir, and pine genera, and often of a single tree species. The forest is dark, and dwarf shrubs such as cowberry and mosses grow on the forest floor. However, in parts of eastern Siberia there is a deciduous taiga consisting of Dahurian larch, and forests consisting of broadleaf trees such as birch, willow, and poplar appear in forest fire sites and wetlands.

Taiga is distributed in the subarctic zone between 50 and 70 degrees north latitude, surrounding the Arctic. The forests of Yezo spruce and Todo fir in Hokkaido are considered to occupy the southernmost part of the region. Taiga does not grow in the Southern Hemisphere. The northern limit of the taiga is the tree line, and in the south it transitions to temperate forests or steppes. The climate is characterized by a large annual temperature range, with an average of over 10°C in summer, but it is not uncommon for temperatures to drop to several tens of degrees below zero in winter. Annual precipitation is low, with most areas receiving less than 400 to 500 mm. However, the rain is concentrated in the summer, and there is permafrost underground, which prevents water from seeping in, so the area does not become a desert. The ground is rather moist, the soil is highly acidic podzol (gray soil), and there are many peat bogs.

The taiga is home to many furry animals, such as martens and foxes, and development began with the collection of these animals. It is well known that the advance of fur traders led to the expansion of Russia's territory. Since the 1990s, logging has become widespread in Siberia, with most of the timber being exported to Japan and other countries. However, it has become clear that logging melts the permafrost underground, releasing large amounts of methane gas contained within, raising concerns that this could accelerate global warming. Agriculture is also now being carried out in some areas, taking advantage of the high summer temperatures.

[Takehide Koizumi]

"The World of Tundra and Taiga" by Saito Senji (1985, Chijin Shobo)""The World of Taiga and Grasslands in Western Siberia" by Kato Kujo (Chuko Bunko)""Far North Siberia" by Fukuda Masami (Iwanami Shinsho)

[References] | Subarctic | Permafrost | Moss | Cowberry | Evergreen | Conifer | Tree line | Steppe | Taiga | Peat | Japanese Abies| Podzol

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

もともとはロシア語で、シベリアに発達する広大な針葉樹林をさすことばであった。しかし現在では北半球の亜寒帯に分布する針葉樹林全体について用いられている。タイガはきわめて単純な森林で、おもにトウヒ属、モミ属、マツ属の常緑針葉樹からなり、単一の樹種からなることも多い。林内は暗く、林床にはコケモモなどの矮(わい)低木とコケ類が生育する。ただ、東シベリアの一部にはダフリアカラマツからなる落葉性のタイガがあり、山火事跡や湿地にはカバノキ属、ヤナギ属、ポプラ属などの広葉林からなる森林が現れる。

 タイガの分布域は北緯50~70度の亜寒帯で、北極を取り囲むように分布する。北海道のエゾマツやトドマツの林はその最南部を占めるものとみなされている。南半球には分布しない。タイガの北限は森林限界で、南は温帯林またはステップに移行する。気候的には著しく年較差の大きい気温によって特徴づけられ、夏季には平均10℃を超えるが、冬季には零下数十℃まで下がる所が珍しくない。年降水量は少なく、400~500ミリメートル以下の所が多い。しかし雨は夏に集中するうえ、地下に永久凍土層があって、水の浸透を防いでいるため、砂漠にはならない。地面はむしろ湿りぎみで、土壌は強酸性のポドゾル(灰白土)となっており、泥炭地も多い。

 タイガにはテン、キツネなどの毛皮獣が多く、開発はまずこうした毛皮獣を集めることから始まった。毛皮商人の進出がロシアの領土拡大につながったことはよく知られている。1990年代以降、シベリアでは森林の伐採が盛んになり、木材は大半が日本などへの輸出に回されている。しかし伐採によって地下の永久凍土が融け、その中に含まれていた大量のメタンガスが放出されることが明らかになり、地球温暖化を加速させるのではないかと危惧されている。なお、一部では夏の高温を利用して農業も行われるようになってきている。

[小泉武栄]

『斎藤晨二著『ツンドラとタイガの世界』(1985・地人書房)』『加藤九祚著『西域・シベリア タイガと草原の世界』(中公文庫)』『福田正己著『極北シベリア』(岩波新書)』

[参照項目] | 亜寒帯 | 永久凍土 | コケ | コケモモ | 常緑樹 | 針葉樹 | 森林限界 | ステップ | タイガ気候 | 泥炭 | トドマツ | ポドゾル

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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