...The court orchestra, which was made up of particularly excellent musicians, boasted the most orderly performance ability in Europe at the time, with unified bowing and flexible dynamics, and made a great contribution to the development of orchestral performance and sinfonia (symphonies). The orchestra produced many outstanding composers and performers, including Stamitz, a Czech born musician who nurtured the orchestra, Franz Xaver Richter (1709-89), Ignaz Holzbauer (1711-83), Cannabich, and Stamitz's sons Karl and Anton. The so-called Mannheim style is characterized by the famous crescendo effect and sudden contrasts in volume, a short descending motif of a second called the "sighing motive" and a powerful ascending arpeggio motif called "raketen" (fireworks), free-flowing melodic lines, contrasting themes, a four-movement symphony with a minuet in the third movement, and the introduction of the clarinet (though these are not necessarily of Mannheim origin). *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Richter, FX" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…とくに優秀な楽員を集めたその宮廷楽団は,統一されたボーイングと自在な強弱法など,当時の欧州随一の整然とした演奏能力を誇り,オーケストラ演奏とシンフォニア(交響曲)の発展に多大の貢献をした。この宮廷楽団を育成したチェコ出身のシュターミツをはじめ,リヒターFranz Xaver Richter(1709‐89),ホルツバウアーIgnaz Holzbauer(1711‐83),さらにカンナビヒ,シュターミツの息子カールおよびアントンら,優れた作曲家,演奏家が輩出した。いわゆるマンハイム様式は,有名なクレッシェンド効果と音量の急激な対比,〈ため息の動機〉と呼ばれる2度下行する短い音型や〈ラケーテン(打上げ花火)〉と呼ばれる勢いよく上行する分散和音の音型,のびのびとした旋律線,主題対比,メヌエットを第3楽章に置く交響曲の4楽章制,クラリネットの導入などを特徴とする(ただしこれらは必ずしもマンハイム起源のものではない)。… ※「Richter,F.X.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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