A coenzyme. A reduced form of NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). It is also called DPNH (diphosphopyridine nucleotide), coenzyme, or coenzyme I (CoI). NADH and FADH2 (reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide) are the main electron carriers in the oxidation of fuel molecules. Chemotrophs obtain their energy by the oxidation of fuel molecules such as glucose and fatty acids. In aerobic organisms, the final electron acceptor is O2 (oxygen). However, electrons are not transferred directly from fuel molecules or their breakdown products to O2 , but rather these substrates transfer electrons to specific carriers (transporters). These carriers are either pyridine nucleotides or flavins. The electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane then transfers the high potential (energy value) electrons to O2 . This then leads to the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This pathway is called oxidative phosphorylation and is the main source of ATP for aerobic organisms. The electron donor in most reductive biosynthesis is NADPH, the reduced form of NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). NADPH differs from NADH in that the 2'-hydroxy group of its adenosine moiety is esterified with phosphate. [Teruyoshi Arima, Taro Arima, and Tamiyo Takeuchi] [References] | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
補酵素の一つ。NAD(ニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチドnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)の還元型。DPNH(ジホスホピリジンヌクレオチド)、補発酵素、補酵素Ⅰ(CoⅠ)などともよばれる。 NADHとFADH2(還元型フラビンアデニンジヌクレオチド)は燃料分子の酸化におけるおもな電子の運び手である。化学栄養生物は、グルコースや脂肪酸などの燃料分子の酸化によってエネルギーを得る。好気性生物では、最終的な電子の受容体はO2(酸素)である。しかし、電子は燃料分子やその分解産物から直接O2に移されるのではなく、これらの基質は特定の担体(輸送体)に電子を移す。この担体はピリジンヌクレオチドpyridine nucleotideかフラビンflavinのどちらかである。次にミトコンドリアの内膜の電子伝達系によって、そのポテンシャル(エネルギー価)の高い電子をO2へ移す。これが次にATP(アデノシン三リン酸)合成へと進む。この経路は酸化的リン酸化(oxidative phosphorylation)とよばれ、好気性生物のATPのおもな供給源となっている。多くの還元的な生合成の電子供与体はNADPH、つまり還元型のNADP(ニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチドリン酸)である。NADPHは、そのアデノシン部分の2'-ヒドロキシ基がリン酸でエステル化している点で、NADHとは異なる。 [有馬暉勝・有馬太郎・竹内多美代] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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