A phenomenon in which powdered coal suddenly erupts along with high-pressure gas at underground mining sites and tunnel excavation sites. This is a mining disaster in which workers at the site are buried under the powdered coal or suffocated by the gas that erupts. In October 1981, a gas outburst occurred at the former Hokutan Yubari New Coal Mine in Yubari, Hokkaido, killing nearly 100 people and causing the largest gas outburst in the history of Japanese coal mining. It is said that approximately 4,000 tons of powdered coal and 600,000 cubic meters of methane gas erupted. Gas outbursts have occurred in Japan alone in over 100 cases since the Meiji era, with a total of more than 320 deaths, making it one of the most feared accidents in coal mines. Furthermore, the frequency and scale of these outbursts tend to increase as the mining depth increases, and they are known as deep-seated disasters. With a few exceptions, gas outbursts that have occurred in Japan have been coal mines where methane gas erupts along with powdered coal. In other countries, there have been numerous reports of not only methane gas but also carbon dioxide outbursts and mixed outbursts of methane and carbon dioxide. These countries include France, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the former Soviet Union, and the total number of outbursts worldwide is estimated to be more than several thousand. Carbon dioxide outbursts are particularly intense and large, so countries are struggling to come up with countermeasures for deep mining. Furthermore, carbon dioxide outbursts are not limited to coal mines, but are also common in rock salt and potassium mines, and these mines are actually struggling with more attention and countermeasures than coal mines. The causes and prediction of gas outbursts have not yet been fully elucidated, and they are being studied intensively in Eastern and Western European countries, China, the Russian Federation, and Japan. Twenty or thirty years ago, international symposiums were held every few years in France, Germany, Hungary, and the former Soviet Union to investigate the causes and mechanisms and to study prediction and prevention measures. Practical methods for prediction include capturing the characteristics of the micro-fracture sounds of the bedrock and coal seams in areas where an outburst is expected, and measuring the gas desorption rate of the coal seam (gas is first absorbed by a certain amount of coal taken from the coal seam and then released, and the rate at which gas is released from a certain amount of coal within a certain period of time is measured) to evaluate the risk of a coal seam outburst. On the other hand, practical preventive measures include drilling many holes in the coal seam and applying suction pressure to the holes to release the high-pressure gas contained within the coal seam, drilling large-diameter holes in the coal seam to fracture it and remove the bed pressure (stress) acting within it, and using blasting to stimulate the coal seam and cause an artificial extrusion to prevent the danger of an unexpected extrusion. Gas outbursts usually have warning signs, and competent, experienced underground workers can quickly detect them and evacuate. However, some outbursts have no warning signs at all, resulting in human accidents. It is no exaggeration to say that research into coal mine safety is focused on the prediction and prevention of gas outbursts, and many researchers are working hard to achieve this goal, but it remains one of the most difficult problems to solve. [Toshiro Isobe] "Mine Safety Handbook" by Yutaka Yamada (1958, Asakura Publishing) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地下の採掘場および坑道掘進現場などで、突然粉炭が高圧ガスとともに噴き出してくる現象。このため当該現場に働いていた人々が粉炭に埋没したり、噴き出したガスのため窒息して死傷する鉱山災害である。1981年(昭和56)10月に北海道夕張市にあった旧北炭夕張新炭鉱での100人近い死亡者を出したガス突出は日本炭鉱史上最大のものであった。噴出した粉炭は約4000トン、メタンガス量は60万立方メートルであったといわれている。 ガス突出は日本でも明治以来報告されているものだけで百数十件発生しており、死亡者総数で320人以上に達し、炭鉱でもっとも恐れられている事故の一つである。そのうえ、採掘深度が大きくなれば、発生の頻度、規模とも増加する傾向にあり、深部災害といわれている。 日本でおこったガス突出は、少数の例外を除けば、炭鉱でメタンガスが粉炭を伴って噴出するものである。諸外国ではメタンガスばかりでなく二酸化炭素の突出、メタンと二酸化炭素の混合突出も数多く報告されている。それらの国はフランス、ポーランド、旧チェコスロバキア、ハンガリーおよび旧ソ連であり、全世界での発生総数は数千回以上と推察される。とくに二酸化炭素の場合は激しく、しかも大きな突出になるため、各国とも深部採掘にあたって対策に悩まされている。さらに二酸化炭素の突出は、炭鉱ばかりではなく、岩塩やカリウムの鉱山にも多く、これらの鉱山はむしろ炭鉱以上に注意と対策に苦心している。 ガス突出の発生原因および予知については、まだ十分に解明されておらず、東西ヨーロッパ諸国、中国、ロシア連邦ならびに日本でも熱心に研究されていて、20~30年以前には、フランス、ドイツ、ハンガリーおよび旧ソ連などで数年置きに原因と機構の究明、予知および防止対策のための国際シンポジウムが開かれていた。 予知法としては、突出予想区域の岩盤や炭層の微小破壊音の特性をとらえてみたり、炭層のガスの脱着速度(炭層から採取した一定量の石炭にガスをいったん吸収させたのち放散させ、一定時間内での一定量の石炭からのガスの放出速度を計る)を測定して炭層の突出の危険性を評価するぐらいが実用化されている方法である。 一方、防止対策は、炭層内に多数の孔(あな)をうがち、その孔に吸引圧をかけ、炭層内に包蔵されている高圧のガスを抜く方法、炭層に大口径孔をうがって炭層を破砕させ、内部に作用している盤圧すなわち応力を除去する方法、および発破(はっぱ)をかけて炭層に刺激を与え、人工突出をおこさせて不意突出による危険防止を図るなどが実技上の対策となっている。 ガス突出には通常前兆があり、有能で長い経験のある坑内労働者は、いち早く察知して退避する。しかし、なかにはまったく前兆を伴わないものもあり、人的災害を生じている。炭鉱保安学の研究はガス突出の予知と防止に集中しているといっても過言でないほど多くの研究者が努力しているが、未解決の難問の一つとなっている。 [磯部俊郎] 『山田穣著『鉱山保安ハンドブック』(1958・朝倉書店)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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