Order - O-daa (English spelling) order

Japanese: オーダー - おーだー（英語表記）order

An architectural term that can be translated as "columnar style." It refers to the style of combination of columns and beams in Greek and Roman architecture, the proportionality of each part to the whole building, and the capital decoration. Orders vary depending on the region and era in which they were created. In ancient Greece, three column styles were used: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, and in the Roman period, Tuscan and Composite styles were added to these Greek column styles.

[Masaaki Maeda]

Doric order

It is the oldest known surviving example of Greek architecture, the Temple of Hera at Olympia (mid-7th century BC). The columns lack bases and stand directly on stylobates. The shaft is thick and tapers towards the top, with a pronounced bulge in the trunk called entasis. The capital consists of a shallow bowl-shaped echinos and a square, plate-like abacus. The frieze above the beams features alternating metopes and three-lined triglifos, and the metopes are often carved in relief. This style of simple, powerful Doric architecture originated in the Peloponnese, where the Dorians lived, and eventually spread to the mainland and southern Italy.

[Masaaki Maeda]

Ionic Order

This style originated in the Ionian region of Asia Minor, and is characterized by its generally elegant design, with a capital decorated with two scrolls. The shaft of the column is thinner than that of the Doric style, and has a base. The upper frieze is band-like, without triglyphs.

[Masaaki Maeda]

Corinthian Order

An architectural style that first appeared in the 5th century BC. The overall structure is similar to the Ionic style, but the capitals are decorated with ornate acanthus leaves, and the shafts are thinner and more elegant. It flourished significantly from the Hellenistic period to the Roman period.

[Masaaki Maeda]

Tuscan Order

It originated in the Tuscany region of the Italian peninsula and is also known as the Etruscan order. It basically follows the Doric order, but differs in that the shafts of the columns are not grooved and bases are added.

[Masaaki Maeda]

Composite Order

As its name suggests, it is a hybrid of the Ionic and Corinthian styles, devised during the Roman period. It is characterized by capitals that combine Ionic scrolls and Corinthian foliate decorations in a complex manner, as well as excessive decoration, and has been used in monumental arches and other large buildings in Rome since the 3rd century.

[Masaaki Maeda]

Main types of orders and names of each part
©Shogakukan ">

Main types of orders and names of each part

Main types of orders (capitals)
©Shogakukan ">

Main types of orders (capitals)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

建築用語。「柱式(ちゅうしき)」と訳される。ギリシア・ローマ建築の柱と梁(はり)の組合せの形式、その各部分と建築全体の比例率、柱頭装飾などをさす。オーダーはそれが生まれた地域、時代によって異なる。古代ギリシアにおいてはドーリス式、イオニア式、コリント式の3柱式が用いられ、ローマ時代にはこれらのギリシアの柱式のほかに、トスカナ式ならびにコンポジット式を加えた。

［前田正明］

ドーリス式オーダー

ギリシア建築でもっとも古く、現存の建築ではオリンピアのヘラ神殿（前7世紀中葉）が知られる。柱は柱礎を欠き直接スティロバテスの上に立つ。柱身は太く、上部に向かうにしたがって細くなり、エンタシスとよばれる胴の膨らみが顕著。柱頭は浅い鉢型のエキノスと正方形の板状のアバクスからなる。梁の上のフリーズにはメトープと3条のトリグリフォスが交互に配され、メトープにしばしば浮彫りが施されている。このような形式の簡素雄勁(ゆうけい)なドーリス建築は、ドーリス人が住んだペロポネソス地方に始まり、やがて本土ならびに南イタリアに伝播(でんぱ)した。

［前田正明］