...After the 18th century, they held the right to collect taxes, known as irtizam, and various real estate assets in cities, but the basis of their economic power was the ciftliki. The ciftliki were generally managed through managers, known as kethüdā, and there is a lot of room for future research into agricultural techniques, the commercialization of agricultural products, and the procurement and employment conditions of agricultural labor. However, in terms of agricultural techniques, they do not appear to have made any major improvements on the traditional agricultural techniques used by small peasants. ... From [Village]...However, in the 18th century, large landowners based on cihtrikis became common, and land ownership by small peasants gradually disappeared. Local leaders (āyans) managed the cihtrikis using managers (kethüdā), but their operations focused on commercial crops such as cotton, tobacco, and corn. Modern Middle Eastern villages were born through the agrarian reforms that were implemented after World War II, freeing them from the shackles of the landlord system that had been established in the 18th and 19th centuries. *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "kethüdā" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…彼らは,18世紀以後,イルティザームとよばれる徴税請負権,都市における各種不動産財などを併せもっていたが,その経済力の基礎をなしたのがチフトリキであった。 チフトリキは,一般に,ケトヒュダーkethüdāとよばれる管理人の手を通じて経営されたが,そこにおける農業技術,農産物の市場化,農業労働力の調達と雇用条件など,今後の研究課題として残された余地は大きい。ただし,農業技術面では,小農民による伝統的農業技術を大きく改良したものではなかったと思われる。… 【村】より…しかし18世紀になると,チフトリキを基礎とする大土地所有制が一般化し,小農民による土地保有は漸次消滅した。地方有力者(アーヤーン)は管理人(ケトヒュダーkethüdā)を用いてチフトリキを経営したが,その内容は綿花,タバコ,トウモロコシなどの商品作物を中心とするものであった。 現代中東のむらは,18~19世紀に成立した地主制の桎梏を,第2次大戦後に進められた農地改革を通じてはねのけることにより誕生した。… ※「kethüdā」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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