Zhu Quanzhong

The first emperor of the Later Liang Dynasty of the Five Dynasties in China (reigned 907-912). His temple name was Taizu. His real name was Zhu Wen. He was born in Danshan, Songzhou (Danshan County, Anhui Province). He lost his father, who taught Confucianism in his hometown, at a young age, so he was raised by other families. In 877, he joined the Huang Chao people's rebellion and rose to the rank of general. However, when the situation became unfavorable, he surrendered to the Tang Dynasty in 882, was given the name of Quan Zhong, and was made the Xuanwu Army Commander with jurisdiction over Bianzhou (Kaifeng City, Henan Province). He made a great contribution to suppressing the Huang Chao army, and gradually gained the most influence in North China, and in 901 was enfeoffed as King of Liang. He then placed Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty, who had now become a local government, under his control, and in 904 he killed him and installed his son Emperor Ai on the throne as a puppet, while at the same time eliminating the eunuch forces that controlled the Imperial Guard and killing the main bureaucratic and aristocratic officials who boasted of a clear river and throwing them into the muddy Yellow River, thus denying the authority of the Tang Dynasty and preparing for the abdication revolution. In 907, he finally forced Emperor Ai to abdicate and took the throne himself, changing his name to Kou, naming his country Da Liang and changing the era name to Kaiping, and making Bianzhou the eastern capital of Kaifeng Prefecture and Luoyang the western capital. Thus the Tang Dynasty fell and the first dynasty of the Five Dynasties was established, but the powerful feudal lords of Hedong, such as Li Keyong, did not recognize the Liang Dynasty and only nominally submitted to the Jiangnan region, so their territory was limited to over 70 prefectures in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. After this, he was defeated by his arch enemy Li Keyong's son Li Cunxu (Emperor Zhuangzong of the Later Tang Dynasty), who succeeded him, and was killed by his own son Zhu Yougui in a fight for succession.

[Tsuguo Takahashi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、五代後梁(こうりょう)の初代皇帝（在位907～912）。廟号(びょうごう)は太祖。本名は朱温。宋州(そうしゅう)碭山(とうざん)（安徽(あんき)省碭山県）に生まれる。郷里で儒学を教える父を幼くして失ったため、他家に養われて成長したが、877年、黄巣(こうそう)の民衆反乱軍に参加し、部将にのし上がった。しかし、形勢が不利になると、882年、唐朝に帰順して全忠の名を賜り、汴州(べんしゅう)（河南省開封(かいほう)市）を治所とする宣武軍節度使を授けられ、黄巣軍の鎮圧に功をたて、しだいに華北随一の勢力を獲得し、901年、梁王に封ぜられた。ついで、いまや地方政権化した唐朝の昭宗を監視下に収め、904年には昭宗を殺し、その子の哀帝を傀儡(かいらい)として即位させる一方、禁軍を掌握していた宦官(かんがん)勢力を一掃し、清流を誇る主要な官僚貴族を殺して黄河の濁流に投げ込むなど、唐朝の権威を否定して禅譲(ぜんじょう)革命への準備を進めた。907年、ついに哀帝を退位させて自ら帝位につき、名を晃(こう)と改め、国を大梁(だいりょう)と号し開平と改元し、汴州を開封府東都、洛陽(らくよう)を西都とした。ここに唐朝は滅び、五代最初の王朝が成立したのであるが、河東の李克用(りこくよう)ら有力藩鎮(はんちん)は梁朝を認めず、江南地方も名目的に服従するだけであったから、その支配領域は黄河中・下流域の70余州にすぎなかった。こののち、宿敵李克用の後を継いだその子李存勗(りそんきょく)（後唐(こうとう)の荘宗(そうそう)）と戦って敗れるなど、軍事的に劣勢となるなかで、後継者争いから、実子朱友珪(しゅゆうけい)に殺された。

［高橋継男］

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