Coke - coke (English spelling)

Japanese: コークス - こーくす(英語表記)coke
Coke - coke (English spelling)

In a broad sense, it is a general term for the carbonaceous material that remains after volatile matter is released when organic matter is heated (carbonized) in the absence of air. In a narrow sense, it refers to the nodular carbonaceous material produced by high-temperature carbonization of coal, and is often distinguished from low-temperature carbonization by the term low-temperature coke.

Coke was first used on an industrial scale in steelmaking, mainly as fuel for blast furnaces. Around the 14th century, blast furnaces powered by water wheels and fueled by charcoal had already appeared in Europe, but due to the depletion of forest resources, attempts to use coal as an alternative fuel were repeated in various places. However, coal softens and melts in the blast furnace, and becomes pulverized, which reduces its breathability, making stable operation difficult. It was A. Davy and his son in England who developed a method of turning coal into coke beforehand and putting it into a blast furnace, and in 1735 they succeeded in making iron using only coke for the first time. At that time, coke was made using a primitive method of piling coal in a field, covering it with powdered coke, and setting it on fire to steam it, and gas and tar were released into the atmosphere. W. Murdoch of England invented a method of using coal gas in an iron retort, and in 1811 street lights were lit in London. Subsequently, various types of coke ovens were developed primarily for the purpose of producing city gas, but at the time, tar and coke were merely by-products with little value, and it was not until the end of the 19th century that they became popular as raw materials for the chemical industry.

In Japan, after the Second World War, the raw materials for the gas chemical industry were converted to petroleum-based materials, and the main product of coke ovens today is limited to coke for metallurgy (steel and casting). Coke for steelmaking requires low ash and sulfur content and high strength, so there are restrictions on the type and properties of raw coal. However, in postwar Japan, cheap and high-quality coke was produced by blending many brands of coal imported from all over the world, including the United States, Canada, and Australia. In this case, there was an advantage in that domestic coal (Miike, Yubari, etc.), which has high softening and melting properties, acts as an excellent caking agent, allowing greater freedom in selecting the brand of imported coal. However, domestic coal production peaked in 1961 and then declined sharply, and production ended in 2000, so domestic coal is no longer used. The coke currently used in steelmaking is hard and does not easily powder, with an ash content of 11-12%, a sulfur content of less than 1%, and a calorific value of about 7,000 calories per gram. The role of coke in a blast furnace is threefold: heat source, reducing gas source, and aeration maintenance material. The first two can be replaced by gaseous or liquid fuels, but coke is the only fuel that fulfills all three of these roles. For this reason, it is believed that the demand for coke will continue as long as the blast furnace ironmaking method continues.

[Takashi Miyatsu]

Coke manufacturing process
©Shogakukan ">

Coke manufacturing process


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義には有機物を、空気を遮断して加熱(乾留)したとき、揮発分が出たのちに残る炭素質の物質の総称。狭義には石炭の高温乾留によって生成する団塊状の炭素質物質をさし、低温乾留によるものは低温コークスといって区別することが多い。

 コークスが初めて工業的規模で用いられたのは製鉄用で、おもに溶鉱炉の燃料としてであった。ヨーロッパでは14世紀ごろすでに、水車を動力、木炭を燃料とする溶鉱炉が出現していたが、森林資源の枯渇を招いたために、石炭を代替燃料とする試みが各地で繰り返された。しかし石炭は溶鉱炉内で軟化溶融したり、粉化するために通気性が悪化して、安定操業は困難であった。あらかじめコークス化したのち溶鉱炉に入れる方式を開発したのはイギリスのA・デービー父子で、1735年に初めてコークスのみによる製鉄に成功した。当時のコークス製造は、野原に石炭を積み上げて粉コークスなどで覆い、火をつけて蒸し焼きにする原始的な方法で、ガスやタールは大気中に放散されていた。イギリスのW・マードックは鉄製レトルトを用いて石炭ガスを利用する方式を考案し、1811年にはロンドンに街灯がともった。その後、都市ガス製造を主目的とする各種のコークス炉が開発されたが、当時、タールやコークスはあまり価値のない副産物にすぎず、これらが化学工業原料としてもてはやされるようになったのは19世紀末になってからである。

 日本では第二次世界大戦後、ガス化学工業の原料が石油系に転換したために、現在のコークス炉の主製品は冶金(やきん)用(製鉄用および鋳物用)コークスに限られている。製鉄用コークスは灰分・硫黄(いおう)分が低く、強度の高いものが要求されるために、原料炭の種類・性状には制約があるが、戦後の日本ではアメリカ、カナダ、オーストラリアなど世界各国から輸入した多くの銘柄炭を多種配合することによって、安価でかつ良質のコークスを製造している。この際、軟化溶融性に富む国内炭(三池(みいけ)、夕張(ゆうばり)炭など)が優れた粘結材として作用するために、輸入炭の銘柄選択の自由度が大きくなる利点があった。しかし、国内炭の生産は1961年(昭和36)をピークに急激に減少し、2000年(平成12)に生産が終了したため、国内炭の利用はなくなった。現在の製鉄用コークスは、灰分11~12%、硫黄分1%以下、発熱量1グラム当り7000カロリー程度で、固く、粉化しにくいものが用いられている。溶鉱炉内におけるコークスの役目は、熱源、還元ガス源、通気維持材の三つであり、前二者は気体あるいは液体燃料で代替できるが、三者を兼ね備えた燃料はコークス以外にはない。溶鉱炉製銑法が続く限りコークスの需要はなくならないと考えられているのは、この理由による。

[宮津 隆]

コークスの製造工程
©Shogakukan">

コークスの製造工程


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Map of the country - Kokuzu

>>:  Black spirituals

Recommend

IGO - IGO

An intergovernmental organization is an internatio...

Princess Sarara of Uno

⇒ Empress Jitō Source: Kodansha Digital Japanese N...

Emperor Shunzhi

The third emperor of the Qing Dynasty of China (r...

Mallardite

...Anhydrous and 1,4,5,7 hydrates are known. The ...

frigiditas sexualis (English spelling) frigiditas sexualis

...In women, this refers to a state in which ther...

Sol - zoru (English spelling) sol

A liquid in which fine particles of dispersoid (c...

Nanrim Mountain Range

A mountain range that runs south-southeast from t...

Slobodkin, LB (English spelling) SlobodkinLB

…RH Whittaker has compiled these data to estimate...

Dalmatica (English spelling)

A tunic-style garment introduced from Dalmatia to ...

Heterogeneous body parts - Ikitisetsu

〘noun〙 A body segment in which each segment of the...

Galvanic corrosion

...It is not uncommon for a large system to stop ...

Godansho - Godansho

A collection of tales from the late Heian period....

Delhi Sultanate

The Sultanate of Delhi was a Muslim dynasty that r...

Chain gravel - Chain gravel

Also called rotten gravel. Gravel that has been we...

Gibbons, IR - Gibbons

…Microtubules are tubular fiber structures with a...