binding power

Japanese: 覊束力 - きそくりょく
binding power

The content of a judgment made by a court in the same proceedings is binding on other courts for various reasons. As the term "binding force" is difficult to understand, this is sometimes called "procedural binding force." Specifically, it refers to the binding force of a factual finding that has been lawfully determined by the trial court on the appellate court (Article 321, Paragraph 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure. This effect is based on the request to make the appellate court a court of law), the binding force of a reason for rescission or reversal on the court to which the case is remanded or transferred when the appellate court revokes or sets aside the original judgment (Article 4 of the Court Act, Article 325, Paragraph 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure. This effect is to prevent the case from cycling between lower and higher courts for the same reason), and the binding force of a final transfer decision on the court to which the case is transferred (Article 22, Paragraph 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure. This effect is to prevent the transferred case from being returned to the court that transferred it).

An effect similar to binding force is the "self-binding force of a judgment," which means that once a judgment is established, it is binding on the court that issued the judgment. This is because if the establishment of a judgment itself remains uncertain, it cannot fulfill its function of resolving disputes. As an exception to self-binding force, if the judgment contains a clear error such as a calculation error or clerical error, the court may correct the judgment at any time upon application or at its own discretion ("revision of the judgment"; Civil Procedure Act, Article 257, Paragraph 1). In addition, if the court that issued the judgment finds that the content of the judgment violates laws and regulations, it may change it within one week after the judgment is pronounced, provided that the judgment has not yet become final (Civil Procedure Act, Article 116) ("change of the judgment"; Civil Procedure Act, Article 256, Paragraph 1). Unlike judgments in civil litigation, if a final decision in a non-contentious case was unfair from the start or becomes unfair due to a subsequent change in circumstances, given that its content is in the public interest, it is inappropriate to allow such an unfair final decision to stand, and the court that made the unfair final decision may, at its discretion, revoke or modify it (Non-Contentious Cases Procedure Act, Article 59).

[Toshiaki Ito, May 19, 2016]

[Reference item] | Decision | Revision decision

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

同一事件の手続内において、ある裁判所の判断した裁判の内容が、さまざまな要請から、他の裁判所を拘束すること。「覊束力」という用語が難解であるとして、これを「手続拘束力」とよぶこともある。具体的には、事実審裁判所において適法に確定された事実認定の上告裁判所に対する拘束力(民事訴訟法321条1項。上告審を法律審とするための要請に基づく効果である)、上告裁判所が原判決を取り消しまたは破棄した場合に、事件の差戻しまたは移送を受けた裁判所に対する取消事由または破棄事由の拘束力(裁判所法4条、民事訴訟法325条3項。事件が下級審と上級審との間を同じ理由で循環することを避けるための効果である)、移送を受けた裁判所に対する確定移送決定の拘束力(民事訴訟法22条1項。移送された事件がふたたび移送した裁判所に戻されることを防ぐための効果である)などである。

 覊束力に類似する効果として、いったん成立した判決が、その裁判をした裁判所自身を拘束する、という内容の「判決の自己拘束力(裁判の自縛性)」がある。判決の成立自体がいつまでも不確定であると、紛争解決機能を果たしえないからである。自己拘束力の例外として、判決に計算間違いや誤記等の明白な誤りがあるときには、裁判所は、申立てまたは職権により、いつでも判決を訂正することができる(「判決の更正」である。民事訴訟法257条1項)。また、判決をした裁判所は、その判決内容に法令違反があることを発見したときには、判決の確定前(同法116条)であれば、判決言渡し後1週間以内に限り、これを変更することができる(「判決の変更」である。同法256条1項)。なお、民事訴訟の判決と異なり、非訟事件における終局決定が当初から不当であった場合または事後的な事情の変更により不当となった場合には、その内容が公益的な性質を有することにかんがみると、このような不当な終局決定を存続させるのは妥当でないため、不当な終局決定をした裁判所は、職権により、これを取り消しまたは変更することができる(非訟事件手続法59条)。

[伊東俊明 2016年5月19日]

[参照項目] | 決定 | 更正決定

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