Granger laws

Japanese: Granger laws(英語表記)Grangerlaws
Granger laws

...Furthermore, even if fares that appear to be in line with social justice are calculated based on some kind of cost calculation or fair remuneration calculation, if the calculated fares exceed the ability of each transport subject to bear the fare, they are economically invalid. Or, even if low fares that would destroy the business of railroads were imposed, as in the Granger laws of the 1870s in the United States, this is also economically invalid. Due to the above circumstances, what has come into effect in actual fare determination is the application of the ability-to-afford principle, which is subject to the restriction of prohibiting "unfair" discrimination in terms of personnel, material, and geographical areas, and it can be said that the cost principle has rather had a restraining effect on the practice of the ability-to-afford principle.

*Some of the terminology that refers to "Granger laws" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…さらに現実になんらかの費用計算あるいは公正報酬計算に基づき一見社会正義に即した運賃が算出されたとしても,その計算運賃が個々の輸送対象の運賃負担力を超える場合には,それは経済的に無効である。あるいはまた,1870年代のアメリカのグレンジャー法Granger lawsのように鉄道の経営を崩壊させるような低率運賃を強制しても,これも経済的に無効である。以上のような事情により現実の運賃決定において効力をもってきたのは,支配的に〈不当な〉人的・物的・地域的差別行為の禁止という制約を付された負担力原理の適用であり,費用原理はむしろ現実の負担力原理の実践に対する抑制効果をもってきたというべきであろう。…

※「Granger laws」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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