Snow that does not melt and remains in mountain valleys and depressions until late summer. They can be divided into "drift-type snowfields" formed when snow drifts onto the lee side of a ridge, and "avalanche-type snowfields" formed when snow carried by avalanches from steep slopes accumulates at the bottom of the valley. In either case, they are caused by a local accumulation of more snow than in the surrounding area. Snowfields that do not melt completely even in summer and remain throughout the year are called "perennial snowfields" (or "perennial snowfields"). In the Northern Alps, there are known examples of snowfields that remain throughout the year for 10 to 20 years, such as Tsurugisawa Snowfield on Mt. Tsurugidake (Toyama Prefecture), Hakuba-dai Snowfield on Mt. Shirouma (Nagano and Toyama Prefectures), and Kuranosuke Snowfield on Mt. Tateyama (Toyama Prefecture). In snowfields that snowfall over the winter, snow melts and freezes repeatedly, turning into ice and becoming hard snow called firn, with a density of more than 0.5 grams per cubic centimeter. If a snowfield continues to grow and gain thickness and width, it will become a flowing glacier, but snowfields do not flow like glaciers. However, frozen snowfields can slide down slopes due to their own weight. Snowfields are found in mountains such as the Northern Alps and the mountains on the Sea of Japan side of the Tohoku region, where there is a lot of snow but the summers are too hot to form glaciers. These Japanese mountains are among the mountains with the most snowfields in the world. Snowfields that form in depressions that are relatively flat around them are often called snow fields. Around snowfields and snow fields, the growing season for plants is shortened by the presence of accumulated snow, leaving bare land, where the meltwater freezes and thaws repeatedly, destroying the rocks and gradually expanding the depressions where the snowfields are located. This is called snow erosion. In contrast, in places where the snow melts relatively quickly, the meltwater creates a constantly moist environment, leading to the formation of communities of alpine plants known as snowfield vegetation, such as alpine lily and alpine lily, and the formation of peat bogs. [Yugo Ono] A snowfield on the eastern slope of Mt. Shirouma. It is about 3.5 km long and has an elevation difference of about 600 m. It is one of the three major snowfields in Japan and is the main route for climbing Mt. Shirouma. The surrounding area is also a treasure trove of alpine plants, and in summer the area around Negidaira is decorated with a variety of flowers. It is part of Chubu Sangaku National Park. Hakuba Village, Kitaazumi District, Nagano Prefecture © Shinshu Nagano Prefecture Tourism Association "> Hakuba Great Snow Valley Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
残雪が融(と)けることなく、夏の遅い時期まで山地の谷間や凹地を埋めて残っているもの。尾根の風下(かざしも)側に雪が吹きだまってできる「吹きだまり型雪渓」と、急な斜面から雪崩(なだれ)によって運ばれた雪が谷底にたまってできる「雪崩型雪渓」に分けられる。いずれの場合も、局地的に周囲より多量の雪が積もったために生じたものである。夏にも融けきらずに越年する雪渓を「越年性雪渓」(または「多年性雪渓」)というが、北アルプスでは10~20年も越年する剱岳(つるぎだけ)(富山県)の剱沢雪渓、白馬(しろうま)岳(長野・富山県)の白馬大雪渓、立山(富山県)の内蔵助(くらのすけ)雪渓などの例が知られる。越年雪渓では積雪が融解と凍結を繰り返すことによって氷化し、密度が立方センチメートル当り0.5グラム以上のフィルンfirnとよばれる固い雪となる。 雪渓がさらに成長して、厚さや広がりを増せば流動する氷河となるが、雪渓には氷河のような流動はみられない。しかし、氷化した雪渓は自体の重さで斜面上を滑ることがある。雪渓は北アルプスや東北地方の日本海側山地など、雪がきわめて多く、しかも夏が暑いために氷河にまでは至らない山岳でみられる。日本のこれらの山岳は、世界的にみても雪渓がきわめて多い山岳である。周りが比較的平らな凹地にできた雪渓は雪田(せつでん)とよばれることが多い。雪渓や雪田の周辺部では、積雪の存在によって植物の生育期間が短縮されるので裸地ができ、そこでは雪融け水が凍結、融解を繰り返すことによって岩石が壊され、雪田のある凹地はしだいに拡大される。これが雪食作用である。これに対して、雪が比較的早く消える所では、雪融け水によってつねに湿った環境となり、イワイチョウ、コバイケイソウなど雪田植生とよばれる高山植物の群落がつくられたり、泥炭地が形成されたりする。 [小野有五] 白馬岳の東斜面にある雪渓。全長約3.5km、標高差約600m。日本三大雪渓の一つで、白馬岳登山のメインルートになっている。周辺は高山植物の宝庫でもあり、夏季、葱平付近はさまざまな花で彩られる。中部山岳国立公園の一部。長野県北安曇郡白馬村©信州・長野県観光協会"> 白馬大雪渓 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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