Provisional registration collateral - Karitokitampo

Although not stipulated in the Civil Code, this is a security system that was born from actual trading practices, and is one of the so-called irregular (or atypical) security. It is a method of obtaining a loan using real estate as collateral, and is used alone or in combination with the establishment of a mortgage. For example, when A lends money to B, A promises to acquire real estate owned by B in place of B if the loan is not repaid on the due date (a reservation of substitute payment), and based on this promise, it is customary to make a provisional registration on the real estate to secure the priority of the right to register the transfer of ownership, hence it is called provisional registration security.

The term "provisional registration security (contract)" was used in the Law on Provisional Registration Security Contracts (enacted in 1978) and case law in accordance with academic theory. Provisional registration security has become widespread because it does not require complicated procedures like mortgages and gives creditors peace of mind. However, if there is a difference between the price of the loan and the real estate and debtor B is unable to repay (for example, if a debt of 100 million yen is lost in real estate worth 200 million yen), allowing A to take the entire amount would be unfair. Therefore, case law and the above law have tried to make the security system more rational by imposing a liquidation obligation on the provisional registration security holder A, as in the case of transferable security. Furthermore, the number of cases in which auction procedures are used has been expanded, completely sealing off A's chance of taking the entire amount, and A's benefits have disappeared, such as the disadvantage in terms of monetary value and the unavoidable troublesome procedures due to auctions, so the number of creditors who enter into provisional registration security contracts is on the decline.

[Ken Kawai]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

民法には定められていないが、実際の取引慣行から生まれた担保制度で、いわゆる変則担保（あるいは非典型担保）の一つ。不動産を担保に融資を受ける方法の一つで、単独にあるいは抵当権の設定と併用されて用いられる。たとえば、AがBに金を貸す際、もし期日に返済しなければ、Bの所有している不動産をかわりに取得することを約束（代物(だいぶつ)弁済の予約）し、この約束に基づいて、その不動産に所有権移転の登記請求権の順位を確保するため仮登記をつけておくことが通例であるところから、仮登記担保とよばれている。

　仮登記担保（契約）という呼び方は、「仮登記担保契約に関する法律」（1978制定）および判例が、学説に従って用いたものである。仮登記担保は、抵当権のように複雑な手続を要しないで、債権者の安心が得られるので広く行われるようになった。しかし貸し金と不動産の価格に開きがあって、債務者Bが返済できない場合（たとえば1億円の債務で2億円の不動産を失う）、Aの丸取りを認めると不衡平が生ずる。そこで判例および前記の法律は、譲渡担保におけると同様に、仮登記担保権者Aに清算義務を課すなど、合理的な担保制度に近づけるよう努めてきた。さらに競売手続の行われるケースが拡大されたので、Aが丸取りできるうまみは完全に封ぜられ、競売による、金額的な不利ややっかいな手続などが避けられないなど、Aのメリットがなくなったので、仮登記担保契約を結ぶ債権者は減少する傾向にある。

［川井　健］

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