… We can say that the surface of a biscuit has g holes (Figure 3-b). g is called the genus of a closed surface. (The genus of a surface) = 1-1/2 (the Euler characteristic), and therefore the genus is also a topological invariant of a surface. … From [Genre]…It is a French word derived from the Latin genus (genus), meaning kind or category, and is widely used in biology and elsewhere, but when the pronunciation is transferred directly, it can often be considered to refer to a genre of art. It is sometimes considered to be the same as style, but since the topic of "style of a genre" is also a legitimate topic of discussion, the two concepts must be distinguished when it comes to art. From [Seed]…The classification of living things was established further back in the 18th century by C. von Linnaeus, who also gave long Latin descriptions for each species. However, he chose a characteristic word from the long description of the species and wrote it in the margin for the name of the genus, which is a group of similar species. As a result, the notation method of the species name, which combines the genus name and that word (called the epithet, or specific name) (later called binomial nomenclature), gradually came to be used. This led to a concise notation method for species names, and, together with the age of exploration at that time, promoted the study of biota around the world. … From [Number of species]...The surface of a lump of clay is homeomorphic to a sphere, but if you put your fingers through it and make n holes in it (Figure 1), the surface becomes homeomorphic to a surface made up of n connected lifebuoy-shaped surfaces (toruses) (Figure 2). A closed surface that can be oriented is homeomorphic to either a sphere or one of these surfaces, but if the number of holes is different, the surface will not be homeomorphic. The number of holes is thus an important number that completely classifies a closed surface that can be oriented topologically, and is called the genus, or genus of the closed surface that can be oriented. ... From [Taxonomy]…The method of naming is regulated by the International Code of Zoological (Plantological) Nomenclature. The classification of taxonomic groups is based on the species, with genus, family, order, class, division (phylum in animals) and other higher classifications, and several classifications may be established between them. In the Code of Zoological Nomenclature, only subspecies are recognized as taxonomic groups below the species level, but in the case of plants, in addition to subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, and cultivars are also recognized. … *Some terminology explanations that mention "genus" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…g個の穴のあいたビスケットの表面といってもよい(図3-b)。gを閉曲面の種数genusと呼ぶ。(曲面の種数)=1-1/2(オイラー標数)であり,したがって種数も曲面の位相不変量である。… 【ジャンル】より…ラテン語ゲヌスgenus(種属)に由来するフランス語で,種類や部類を意味し,生物学をはじめひろく用いられるが,語音をそのまま移しているときは多く芸術のジャンルをさすとみてよい。様式と同視されることもあるが,〈ジャンルの様式〉も正当な論題となる以上,芸術については両概念を区別しなければならない。… 【種】より…生物の分類はさらに下って18世紀のC.vonリンネによって確立されたが,彼の場合も,一つ一つの種について長いラテン語による記載を与えていた。ただ,よく似た種の集りである属genusの名前に,種の長い記載のうちから特徴的な1語を選んで欄外にそれを示す方法をとったので,属名とその1語(これを種小名epithet,specific nameという)を組み合わせた種名の表記法(のちに二命名法binominal nomenclatureといわれるようになった)がしだいに使われるようになった。これにより種名の表記法が簡潔となり,おりからの探検の時代とあいまって,世界中の生物相の研究が促進されることになった。… 【種数】より…粘土の塊の表面は球面と同相であるが,それに指を通してn個の穴を開ければ(図1),その表面は浮輪の形をした曲面(トーラス)をn個連結した曲面(図2)と同相になる。向きがつけられる閉曲面は球面かまたはこれらの曲面のいずれかに同相で,穴の個数が異なれば同相にならない。このように穴の個数は,向きがつけられる閉曲面を位相的に完全に分類するたいせつな数で,向きがつけられる閉曲面の種数,または示性数と呼ばれている。… 【分類学】より…命名については国際動物(植物)命名規約によって方法が規定されている。 分類群の階級としては,種speciesを基本的な単位として,それより上級に属genus,科family,目order,綱class,門division(動物ではphylum)などが設けられ,それらの間にもいくつかの階級を設けてもよいことになっている。種以下の分類群としては,動物の命名規約では,亜種subspeciesだけが認められているが,植物の場合には,亜種のほかに変種variety,亜変種,品種などの階級も認められている。… ※「genus」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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