…Generally, after the High Middle Ages, when feudal monarchy was established, these titles were awarded by the king and served to organize the political order through the distribution of honor expressed in the titles, but before that, local powerful families often bore titles according to their military and political strength. The English title of Earl comes from the ealdorman, a nobleman who was entrusted with local administrative, judicial, and military power by the king in the Anglo-Saxon period, and became known as Earl in the 11th century, but after the Norman Conquest, when the sheriff (Scirgerefa in the Anglo-Saxon period) took over the real power as sheriff of the county, it became a mere title. Duke and Marquis are based on the continental system and do not date back to the Anglo-Saxon period. … *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "ealdorman" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…一般に,封建王制が確立する中世盛期以後,これらの爵位は国王が授与し,称号に表現される栄誉の配分を通じて政治秩序の組織化に役だてられたが,それ以前には,軍事的・政治的な実力にもとづいて各地の豪族がみずからそれ相応の称号をおびることが多かった。イギリスの伯(アール)は,アングロ・サクソン時代に地方の行政・司法・軍事等の権力を王からゆだねられた貴族のエアルドルマンealdormanに由来し,11世紀にこれがアールと呼ばれるようになるが,ノルマン・コンクエスト後,シェリフ(アングロ・サクソン時代のスキルゲレファscirgerefa)に州長官としての実権を奪われるにつれて,単なる称号と化した。デュークとマーキスは,大陸の制度に倣ったもので,アングロ・サクソン時代にはさかのぼらない。… ※「ealdorman」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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