This is the name used for black soil (kurotsuchi) found in volcanic ash areas in Japan, which is a type of soil with a high humus content (commonly known as volcanic ash soil). American soil scientist James Thorp and others named this black soil "ando soil," and the name "andosol" eventually became established. The origin of the word "ando" is the Japanese word ando (meaning dark soil), but in fact, rather than calling black soil ando, it is more common to call it "kuroboku" (or "black-colored soil"), which has been used by Japanese farmers since ancient times, and "kuroboku soil" is used synonymously in soil science. Fine volcanic ash released from volcanoes accumulates on the ground surface and weathers, becoming the red soil seen in the Kanto Loam layer, and when the ground surface is covered with plants, the decayed matter accumulates and forms a black humus layer. Humus formation is not limited to volcanic ash areas, but soils originating from volcanic ash tend to have a particularly high humus content of around 20%, resulting in a dark humus layer. This humus layer is 0.5 to 1 meter thick. The causes of this are believed to be the characteristics of the soil parent material due to the presence of active aluminum components such as allophane, the moisture environment of the ground surface (prolonged wetness), and the type of vegetation (some conditions that promote the growth of herbaceous plants such as Miscanthus). The topsoil has a particularly well-developed granular structure, has good water retention, and is relatively easy to cultivate. Except in the cold, highlands and foothills of volcanoes, it is not highly acidic. However, it is poor in available phosphate, and has the disadvantage that the topsoil is prone to erosion and wind erosion on hills and slopes on the edges of plateaus. Volcanic ash is distributed over almost half of Japan's land area, and this is covered by andosols (including secondary sedimentary soils). Similar types of soil are known to be distributed in volcanic ash areas in Southeast Asia, Africa, New Zealand, Central America, Alaska, and other areas. [Shigeo Asami and Makiko Watanabe] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
腐植含有率の高い表土をもつ火山灰起源の土壌(通称火山灰土壌)のうち、日本の火山灰地帯の黒土(くろつち)に対して用いられる名称。アメリカの土壌学者ソープJames Thorpらがこの黒土をみて名づけた「アンド土壌」から、やがてアンドソルの名称が定着した。「アンド」の語源は日本語の暗土(暗い色の土の意)であるが、実は、黒土のことを暗土とよぶよりも、むしろ「黒ぼく」(または黒のっぽ)という古来からの日本農民の呼び方のほうが一般的であり、土壌学の述語としても「黒ぼく土」Kuroboku soilが同義的に使われている。 火山から放出された細粒の火山灰は、地表に累積しつつ風化されて、関東ローム層などでみられる赤土となり、地表が植物で覆われると、その腐朽物質が集積して黒色の腐植層が形成される。腐植の生成は火山灰地帯に限らないが、火山灰起源の土壌には、とくに腐植含有率が20%前後と高いことから黒みの強い腐植層ができる。この腐植層は0.5~1メートルの厚い層である。その原因は、アロフェンなどの活性アルミニウム成分の存在による土壌母材の特性と、地表の水分環境(湿潤な状態の持続)、さらに植生の種類(ススキなどの草本類の繁茂を促すなんらかの条件)などに求められている。 表土はとくに団粒構造が発達し、保水性がよく、耕作は比較的容易である。高冷な火山麓(ろく)を除けば酸性は強くない。しかし有効性リン酸分に乏しく、丘陵地や台地縁辺傾斜地で、表土の流失や風食を受けやすい欠点もある。日本の火山灰分布域はほぼ国土の過半に達するが、これをアンドソル(その二次的堆積(たいせき)土をも含めて)が被覆している。東南アジア、アフリカ、ニュージーランド、中央アメリカ、アラスカなどの火山灰地帯にも同種の土壌が分布することが知られている。 [浅海重夫・渡邊眞紀子] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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