Encomienda (English spelling)

Japanese: エンコミエンダ（英語表記）encomienda

Land control and the indigenous trust system in Spanish colonies started in the 16th century. At the beginning of the conquest, when the negative effects of the repartimiento became apparent, the King of Spain instead entrusted the rule of the Indians to the conquerors (colonizers) on the condition that they defend the region and protect and educate the indigenous people (Indians). In return, the encomendero was granted a certain amount of land and the privilege of imposing corvée and tribute on the Indians. Legally, this did not include land ownership or jurisdiction, and the Indians were considered free persons and were prohibited from being bought, sold, or transferred, so they were in a state similar to that of serfs in classical manors. However, when the mistreatment and drastic decline of the Indians became apparent, the King eventually tried to abolish it, and in 1542 the "New Law" stipulated restrictions and a ban on inheritance, but failed due to fierce opposition from the encomenderos, including the Peruvian rebellion. However, after the end of the 16th century, its economic importance gradually diminished due to a decline in the Indian population, royal taxation, and the development of haciendas (privately owned plantations), and it was abolished by the end of the 18th century after the abolition of encomienda inheritance in 1718.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

16世紀に始められたスペイン植民地における土地支配と先住民委託制度。征服当初，レパルティミエントの弊害が目立つとそれに代って，地域の防衛，先住民 (インディオ) の保護と教化を条件に，スペイン国王が征服者 (植民者) にインディオの統治を委託 (エンコメンダール encomendar) し，受権者 (エンコメンデーロ encomendero) は代償として一定の土地と，インディオに賦役，貢納を課す特権を付与された。法的には土地所有権，裁判権は含まれず，インディオは自由人とされて，売買，譲渡は禁止されており，古典荘園の農奴に近い状態にあった。しかしインディオの酷使と激減が目立つと，国王はやがてその廃止を試み，1542年「新法」でその制限，相続禁止などを定めたが，ペルーの大反乱をはじめ，エンコメンデーロの猛反対を受けて失敗した。しかし 16世紀末以後，インディオ人口の減少，国王の課税，アシエンダ (私有制大農園) の発展に伴い経済的重要性は次第に縮小され，1718年のエンコミエンダの相続廃止令後 18世紀末までに廃止された。

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