It is a traditional social custom, and in anthropology and sociology, it has been used as a translation of the English word folkways. W. G. Sumner, who first used this word, divided general social customs into folkways and mores. As a social Darwinist, he called customs that originated from instinctive reactions to fear, sexual desire, and hunger, when they were institutionalized and had coercive power and sanctions, and therefore had binding power based on authority, mores, and distinguished them from folkways, which do not have as much coercive power. However, this is a difference in the degree of social coercive power, and the distinction is not strict. In fact, customs and customs are often used synonymously. In general usage, they often mean life rites such as weddings, weddings, and funerals, annual festivals, and customs such as communal labor, and customs are a higher concept that includes customs. Customs have their own form and content unique to each community, and while they are supported by its members, they also function to regulate the behavior of its members and strengthen the unity of the group. Some of these are semi-codified, such as the rules of youth groups in early modern Japan, but most are unwritten rules. Parents also try to pass on customs to their children and grandchildren. This is education in the broad sense of the word in the family and local community, but there is almost always acceptance or rejection from younger generations. Herein lies the dynamics of continuity and change not only of customs, but of the cultural system itself. [Koichi Maruyama] "Hori Ichiro, 'Life Regulations of Religion and Customs' (1963, Miraisha)" ▽ "Yanagita Kunio, 'Vocabulary of Seasonal Customs and Folklore' (1939, Folklore Society)" [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
伝統的な社会的しきたりのことで、人類学や社会学では、英語のフォークウェイズfolkwaysの訳語として用いられてきた。このことばを使い始めたW・G・サムナーは、一般の社会的慣習(custom)をフォークウェイズとモーレス(mores道徳的慣習)に分けた。社会的ダーウィン主義者である彼は、恐怖心や性欲や飢餓感への本能的反応に由来する慣習が制度化されて強制力と制裁をもち、したがって権威に基づく拘束力をもつとき、これをモーレスとよび、それほどの強制力をもたないフォークウェイズと区別した。しかし、これでは社会的強制力の程度の差ということになり、その区別は厳密ではない。事実、慣習と習俗とは同義的に用いられることが多い。一般的用法では、冠、婚、葬などの人生儀礼や年中行事としての祭礼、共同労働などの習わしを意味することが多く、慣習は習俗を含む上位概念である。習俗は各共同体に独自の形態と内容をもち、成員に支持されると同時に、成員の行動様式を規制し、集団の統合を強化する機能をもつ。それは、わが国近世における若者組の掟(おきて)のように、なかば成文法化したものもあったが、多くは不文律である。また、親は子や孫に習俗を伝達しようとする。それが家庭や地域社会などにおける広義の教育であるが、これに対しては、ほとんどつねに、下の世代からの受容と拒絶とがある。そこに、習俗のみならず、文化体系そのものの持続性と変化のダイナミックスがある。 [丸山孝一] 『堀一郎著『宗教・習俗の生活規制』(1963・未来社)』▽『柳田国男編『歳時習俗語彙』(1939・民間伝承の会)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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