…The most active office at court was the archival office, which, in the midst of a state of fragmentation, created the highest form of royal archival document during the reign of Louis I. The king appointed counts (comes) to each diocese for local administration, and to ensure their loyalty, he appointed them as vassals of the king, especially from Austrasia. This led to the tendency for this office, which was free to appoint and was not supposed to be hereditary, to be fixed in the hands of certain families early on. Especially when these families were related by marriage to the royal family, they developed into powerful families known as counts, and became the ancestors of later royal families and feudal families. … From Graf…the most important local official in the Frankish Kingdom. In Latin, he was called "comitatus." His area of jurisdiction was the Grafschaft. … From 【Title】…Although it varies by country and era, the commonly known titles are Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, and Baron (English in parentheses). Of these, the titles Duke and Earl are historically the oldest, dating back to the Old Germanic military commander dux (German: Herzog, French: Duc) and the Frankish king's official authority to govern, especially judicial authority, in each district, comes (German: Graf, French: Comte). With the development of the feudal system, both titles lost their official character and became the titles of feudal lords, with Duke occupying the highest rank among the king's direct vassals. … From the "Joshi System"…In the ancient Germanic states (Civitas), in addition to an army composed entirely of free men, there was a system of private military vassals. That is, free men (including young nobles) would take an oath of loyalty to chieftains or men of military ability and become their vassals (comes in Latin, Gefolge in German). This practice was called vassalage. To be a vassal to another man was not in any way disgraceful, and did not entail a lowering of status. … *Some terminology explanations that mention "comes" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…宮廷で最も活躍したのは文書局cancellariaで,この部局は国家が分裂の相を呈する中で,ルートウィヒ1世の時期には最高の王文書形式を作り上げた。 王は地方行政のために伯(コメスcomes)を各司教管区に配置したが,彼らの忠誠を確保するために,特にアウストラシア出身の王の家臣をこれにあてた。このことは,任免が自由で世襲を認めぬはずのこの職が,早くから特定家系に定着する傾向を生み,特にそれらの家系が王家と姻戚関係を持つ場合に,〈伯家系〉という有力家系に発展し,後の王家や封建諸侯の家系の祖となる。… 【グラーフ】より…フランク王国のもっとも重要な地方官。ラテン語ではコメスcomes。その管轄領域がグラーフシャフトGrafschaft(コミタートゥスcomitatus)である。… 【爵位】より…国と時代により差異はあるが,一般に知られている爵位は,公(デュークduke),侯(マーキスmarquis),伯(アールearl),子(バイカウントviscount),男(バロンbaron)の5位階である(かっこ内は英語)。これらのうち,公と伯の呼称が歴史的に見て最も古く,それぞれ古ゲルマンの軍事統率者であるドゥクスdux(ドイツ語はヘルツォーク,フランス語はデュクduc),フランク国王の統治権とりわけ裁判権を地方管区ごとに執行する役人としてのコメスcomes(ドイツ語はグラーフ,フランス語はコントcomte)とにさかのぼる。封建制度の発達にともなって,両者はいずれも官職的性格を失って,封建諸侯の称号となり,公は国王の直属封臣のうち最高の位を占めた。… 【従士制度】より…古代のゲルマン人の国家(キウィタス)には,全自由人から構成される軍隊のほかに,いわば私的な軍事的主従制度があった。すなわち,自由人(若年の貴族も含まれる)が,首長や軍事能力にすぐれた者に誠実の宣誓をおこない,彼らの従士(ラテン語でcomes,ドイツ語でGefolge)となる慣行があり,この慣行を従士制度と呼ぶ。他人の従士となることはいささかも恥辱ではなく,身分の低下を伴うことはない。… ※「comes」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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