Essenes - Essenes is (English spelling) Essenes

Japanese: エッセネ派 - エッセネは（英語表記）Essenes

The sect was one of the three major Jewish sects around the same time as Jesus, from the 2nd century BC to the end of the 1st century, along with the Pharisees and Sadducees. It is said that it first appeared in Palestine at the end of the Hasmonean revolt in the 2nd century BC, but by the end of the 1st century BC, its core group had formed a communal life on the northwest coast of the Dead Sea. It was a small sect, and its members lived a strict, devout religious life, focusing mainly on farming. Unusually for the time, it rejected slavery, forming a communal society in which people earned their living through their own labor and shared it. Its ascetic religious life was similar to that of a monastery. Its religious views were closer to those of the Pharisees than to the Sadducees, but it had its own beliefs and precepts. The center of its life was a detailed study of the Torah, and members devoted their entire lives to it. It aimed to purify the impurities of everyday life, and emphasized ritual purification such as collective baptism. The word Essenes is thought to mean either "pious" or "quiet," but there are various theories about its origin. The Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered in 1947 in a cave at Qumran, northwest of the Dead Sea, are believed to be from this sect.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

前2世紀～1世紀末，イエスとほぼ同時代のユダヤ教三大教派の一つで，パリサイ派，サドカイ派と並ぶ。パレスチナに初めて現れたのは，前2世紀のハスモン家 (ユダヤ人祭司) の反乱の終り頃といわれるが，前1世紀末までには，その中心集団が死海の北西沿岸に共同生活を形成していた。派としての規模は小さく，会員はおもに農耕を中心として，厳格，敬虔な宗教生活を営んでいた。当時には珍しく，奴隷制を否定し，みずからの労働によって生活の糧を得，それを共有するという共産社会を形成していた。その禁欲的な宗教生活は，修道院と同様である。宗教観はサドカイ派よりもパリサイ派に近いが，独自の信念と戒律をもっていた。生活の中心は詳細なトーラー研究に費やされ，会員は全生涯をそのために捧げた。日常生活のけがれを純化することを目指し，集団受洗といった儀式的純化が強調された。エッセネとは，「敬虔なもの」，あるいは「静かなるもの」といった意味と考えられるが，語源に関しては諸説がある。 1947年に死海の北西のクムランの洞穴で発見された「死海文書」 Dead Sea Scrollsは，この派のものとされる。

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