Garden City - Garden City

Japanese: 田園都市 - でんえんとし(英語表記)garden city
Garden City - Garden City

This city was proposed in 1898 by Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) of England, as a new ideal city independent in the countryside. In England, the first country to experience the Industrial Revolution, the disadvantages of big cities were preached, and the Garden City movement arose to decentralize industry and cities and promote healthy urban development. Howard published "The Garden City of Tomorrow" and advocated the creation of beautiful towns with a population of about 30,000 surrounded by countryside on the outskirts of large cities. In such towns, land would be publicly owned or owned by trust, and at the same time, a comfortable environment would be provided for residents on a social level. The town would have the advantages of both traditional cities and the countryside, with natural beauty and social opportunities, close to parks, low rents and prices, and high wages. As a result of this movement, the First Garden City Company was established in 1903, and the first garden city was realized in Letchworth, 56 kilometers northwest of London. Then, in 1920, the second garden city, Welwyn Garden City (Welwyn), was built 32 kilometers north of London. This garden city movement had a major impact on urban planning in various countries, and was the forerunner of satellite cities and urban decentralization. After World War II, the construction of new towns in and around London was the starting point, and 32 cities were built by public corporations established by the government. In Japan, there are no garden cities in the full sense of the word as Howard describes, but electric railway companies and others sometimes develop residential areas along their railway lines and call them garden cities. Examples include Denenchofu in Ota Ward, Tokyo, and Tama Garden City, which spans Kawasaki City and Yokohama City. The construction of garden cities advocated by Howard is different from the idea of ​​cities and towns with large rural areas aiming to become "garden cities" by preaching symbiosis with nature.

[Seiji Yamaga and Mineaki Kanno]

"The Garden City of Tomorrow, by E. Howard, translated by Naga Soren (1968, Kashima Publishing Co.)" ▽ "The Genealogy of Suburban Residential Areas - Tokyo's Garden Utopia, edited by Yamaguchi Hiroshi (1987, Kashima Publishing Co.)""The Management Strategy of Tokyu and Goto Keita - Railway Management and Land Management, by Sakanishi Satoshi (2001, Bungeisha)""An Invitation to the 'Garden City of Tomorrow' - Its History and Future Originating from Howard's Vision, by Azuma Hideki et al. (2001, Shokokusha)"

[References] | Welwyn Garden City | Satellite city | Den-en- chofu| Urban planning | New town | Letchworth

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イギリスのエベネザー・ハワードEbenezer Howard(1850―1928)により1898年に提唱された都市で、田園の中に独立した新しい理想的都市。産業革命を最初に経験したイギリスでは、大都市の弊害が説かれ、工業の分散、都市の分散を図り、健全な都市発達のために、田園都市運動がおこった。ハワードは『明日の田園都市』を出版し、田園に囲まれた人口3万くらいの美しい町を、大都市周辺につくることを説いた。その都市では、土地は公有か、さもなくば信託所有であり、同時に社会単位で住民に快適な環境を提供する。そこは従来の都市と田園の長所を備え、自然の美と社会的な機会がともにあり、公園に近く、低い家賃と物価、高賃金などの特色をもつとしている。この運動により1903年、第一田園都市会社が設立され、ロンドンの北西56キロメートルのレッチワースに第一の田園都市が実現した。ついで1920年に第二の田園都市ウェリン・ガーデン・シティ(ウェルウイン)がロンドン北郊32キロメートルにつくられた。この田園都市運動は、各国の都市計画に大きな影響を与え、衛星都市や都市分散論の先駆けとなった。ロンドン周辺では第二次世界大戦後、新都市(ニュータウン)建設の出発点となり、32都市が政府設立の公社によって建設された。日本ではハワードのいうような完全な意味の田園都市はまだないが、電鉄会社などが沿線の住宅地を開発して、田園都市と称することがあり、東京都大田区の田園調布や、川崎市と横浜市にわたる多摩田園都市などはその例である。農村地区を広くもつ都市や町が自然との共生を唱えて「田園都市」を目ざすというのは、ハワードの提唱した田園都市の建設とは異なる。

[山鹿誠次・菅野峰明]

『E・ハワード著、長素連訳『明日の田園都市』(1968・鹿島出版会)』『山口広編『郊外住宅地の系譜――東京の田園ユートピア』(1987・鹿島出版会)』『坂西哲著『東急・五島慶太の経営戦略――鉄道経営・土地経営』(2001・文芸社)』『東秀紀ほか著『「明日の田園都市」への誘い――ハワードの構想に発したその歴史と未来』(2001・彰国社)』

[参照項目] | ウェリン・ガーデン・シティ | 衛星都市 | 田園調布 | 都市計画 | ニュータウン | レッチワース

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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