Ekiben - Ekiben

Japanese: 駅弁 - えきべん
Ekiben - Ekiben

A bento sold at a train station. On July 18, 1885 (Meiji 18), the Japanese Railway Company opened a train service between Ueno and Utsunomiya. It is generally believed that the bento began when Shirokiya, a Utsunomiya store that was contracted to make bento for construction workers during the construction of the railway, was commissioned by the Japanese Railway to sell passenger ekiben at Utsunomiya Station. The name of the ekiben has not changed since the old days, but the contents were very different from those of today. The first ekiben consisted of two rice balls wrapped in bamboo bark and two slices of pickled radish, and cost 5 sen. At that time, eel bowls cost 10 sen, and tendon bowls with large shrimp cost 4 sen. The reason that ekiben were so expensive at 5 sen was because the number of trains and carriages at the time was extremely small, with only four round trips per day and limited passenger numbers, so sales of ekiben were negligible and the business was operating at a loss. Six months later, the Shinetsu Line opened, and ekiben began at Yokokawa Station, and the third ekiben was sold at Takasaki Station in March of the following year, 1886. Ekiben became popular from the end of the Meiji period to the beginning of the Taisho period, and many ekiben boasted their taste. During the era of national railways, the Railway Kousaikai was established and monopolized the sale of goods within stations, but since traditional ekiben had been run as a family business for generations, the Kousaikai respected that right and did not sell rice dishes. During and after the Second World War, during 1943-1950 (Showa 18-25), there was a shortage of supplies, and the contents of ekiben were extremely meager, but ekiben continued to be sold almost without interruption. Due to food control, restaurant coupons were required, and some ekiben included boiled pumpkin leaves on bread as a substitute.

Currently, there are two types of JR ekiben: "regular bento" and "special bento." The former is a general-purpose bento with rice topped with fish, vegetables, tamagoyaki (rolled egg), and konbumaki (kelp rolls), and if it comes with a cylindrical rice ball, it is called makunouchi bento. Makunouchi bento were originally served during intermission by visitors to kabuki performances in the Edo period, and were specialised by a shop called Yoshicho Mankyu. Makunouchi originally referred to simmered dishes, but the cylindrical rice balls served with them eventually came to be called makunouchi. This type of ekiben was first made in 1888 (Meiji 21) when the Sanyo Line was extended from Kobe to Himeji. The traditional bamboo bark wrapping was replaced by a wooden wrapping. Himeji Station's ekiben have a long history and excellent contents, and they are still popular today. "Specialty bento" includes eel, sushi, chicken rice, etc., and some of these are a little expensive. In the past, ekiben were rich in local color and contained products unique to the region, so some were fun to look at. Nowadays, this is fading, but the variety of ekiben has increased.

Currently, famous ekiben include squid rice at Mori Station on the Hakodate Main Line in Hokkaido, crab rice at Oshamanbe Station, beef domanaka at Yonezawa Station on the Ou Main Line, Daruma bento at Takasaki Station on the Takasaki Line, Toge no kamameshi at Yokokawa Station on the Shinetsu Main Line, sea bream rice at Shizuoka Station on the Tokaido Main Line, onie sushi at Kanazawa Station on the Hokuriku Main Line, trout sushi at Toyama Station, beef bento at Matsusaka Station on the Kisei Main Line, shamoji oyster rice at Hiroshima Station on the Sanyo Main Line, crab sushi at Tottori Station on the Sanin Main Line, soy sauce rice at Matsuyama Station on the Yosan Line, and chicken rice at Tosu Station on the Kagoshima Main Line.

At first, bento boxes were packed in two layers, with rice and side dishes packed separately, but in the Showa era, single-layer packaging became common. The way ekiben are sold has also changed due to changes in the structure of trains. The flashy sales technique of a salesman slung a large box from his shoulder and swiftly handing it to a customer through the train window is now rarely seen.

In addition to JR, private railways also sell ekiben, and it is estimated that there are more than 2,000 different kinds of ekiben. Demand is expanding beyond train stations to include bento boxes for various gatherings and "ekiben conventions" held in department stores.

[Tetsunosuke Tada]

In foreign countries, there are few ekiben that are prepared as meals, and most are just light meals such as sandwiches sold at stations or on trains. One of the few examples is the Italian ekiben, which is a set of meat, vegetables, fruit, bread, and a small bottle of wine packed in a paper bag.

[Tsun Tsunoda]

“Train Vehicle Culture History” written by Kanto Sekitakasa (1979, Shinanoji)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

鉄道の駅構内で販売する弁当。1885年(明治18)7月18日上野―宇都宮間に日本鉄道会社が汽車を開通させた。その鉄道工事中に工事関係者に出す弁当を請け負っていた宇都宮市内の白木屋が、日本鉄道の委嘱を受けて旅客用駅弁を宇都宮駅で販売したのに始まるというのが、通説になっている。駅弁の名は昔も今も変わりはないのに、中身は現在のものとは大違いであった。最初の駅弁は、竹の皮包みの握り飯2個に沢庵(たくあん)漬けが2切れついているだけのもので、価格は金5銭であった。当時うな丼(どん)10銭、天丼はりっぱなエビが入っていて4銭の時代。駅弁が5銭という高値であったのは、当時汽車の本数、車両数が著しく少なく、1日4往復で、旅客数も限られ、駅弁の売れ行きは微々たるもので、赤字営業だったからである。それから半年後に信越線が開業し、横川駅の駅弁が始められ、3番目の駅弁は翌1886年3月に高崎駅で売り出された。明治末から大正の初めにかけて駅弁は普及し、味を誇るものが数多くできてきた。国有鉄道の時代になってから鉄道弘済会(こうさいかい)ができて、駅構内の物品販売を独占するようになったが、従来の駅弁は代々家業として営業しているのでその権利を尊重して、弘済会では飯物を取り扱わないことになっていた。1943~1950年(昭和18~25)の間は第二次世界大戦の戦中・戦後の時代で物資不足のために、駅弁の中身は貧弱きわまるものではあったが、それでもほとんど休まずに駅弁は存在した。食糧管理下にあったので外食券が必要だったり、代用食のパンにカボチャの葉の煮物がついた駅弁もあった。

 現在のJR駅弁には「普通弁当」と「特殊弁当」がある。前者は米飯に魚、野菜、卵焼き、昆布巻きなどを配した一般向きの内容で、円筒形の握り飯がついていると幕の内弁当と名づけられる。元来幕の内弁当は江戸時代、歌舞伎(かぶき)見物の客が幕間(まくあい)に用いたもので、芳町(よしちょう)萬久(まんきゅう)という店が専業にしていたもの。幕の内とは煮しめのことをいったものだが、それに配する円筒形の握り飯をいつしか幕の内と称するようになった。この形態の駅弁は、1888年(明治21)山陽線が神戸から姫路まで延長したときに初めてつくられた。従来の竹の皮包みのものが経木(きょうぎ)に変わったのである。姫路駅の駅弁はこのように歴史も古く内容も優れており、いまでも人気がある。「特殊弁当」は、うなぎ、すし、とり飯などで、これには価格の少々高いものもある。かつての駅弁は郷土色が豊かで、その地方独特の産物を入れてあったので、見るだけでも楽しいものもあった。いまはそれが薄くなってきたが、駅弁の種類は多くなっている。

 現在、駅弁の有名品としては、北海道函館(はこだて)本線森駅のいかめし、長万部(おしゃまんべ)駅のかにめし、奥羽本線米沢駅の牛肉どまん中、高崎線高崎駅のだるま弁当、信越本線横川駅の峠の釜(かま)めし、東海道本線静岡駅の鯛(たい)めし、北陸本線金沢駅のお贄(にえ)寿し、富山駅のますのすし、紀勢本線松阪駅の牛肉弁当、山陽本線広島駅のしゃもじかきめし、山陰本線鳥取駅のかに寿し、予讃(よさん)線松山駅の醤油(しょうゆ)めし、鹿児島本線鳥栖(とす)駅のかしわめしなどがある。

 折詰め駅弁は、初め二段形式で飯と菜とが別折になっていたが、昭和年代になって一段式が一般化した。駅弁は、列車の構造形態の変化により、売り方も変わってきた。肩から大きな箱を下げて、車窓から客の手にすばやく渡す鮮やかなセールスぶりは、いまはほとんどみられなくなった。

 JR以外に私鉄でも駅弁は販売されており、駅弁の種類は2000種以上とみられている。また、各種の集会用弁当や、デパートなどで行われる「駅弁大会」など、駅内商品にとどまらず、各方面に需要が拡大している。

[多田鉄之助]

 外国では駅弁として食事の形を整えたものは少なく、多くは、サンドイッチなどの軽食を駅や車内で売っている程度である。数少ない例としては、肉、野菜、果物、パン、ワインの小瓶をセットにして紙袋に詰めたイタリアの駅弁がある。

[角田 俊]

『雪迺舍閑人著『汽車辨文化史』(1979・信濃路)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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