Condensed milk - Rennyu

Japanese: 練乳 - れんにゅう
Condensed milk - Rennyu

Whole or skim milk is concentrated under a vacuum to about 1/2 to 1/2.5 of its original volume, with or without the addition of sucrose. It is broadly divided into sweetened condensed milk and unsweetened condensed milk, depending on whether sucrose is added or not. Sweetened condensed milk is commonly referred to as condensed milk, while unsweetened whole condensed milk is called evaporated milk. Sweetened condensed milk contains 40-45% sucrose and has a high osmotic pressure, which prevents the growth of bacteria, just like fruit jam, while unsweetened condensed milk is sterilized (115°C, 15-20 minutes) after canning, so both are processing methods to improve the shelf life of milk.

Before industrialization, milk was concentrated by boiling it in a shallow pan while stirring, but in 1856 a vacuum concentrator was invented in America, and industrial production began after that. Currently, it is concentrated at temperatures below 60°C using a multi-effect vacuum concentrator. In Japan, it is said that the first prototype was made in Kyoto in 1872 (Meiji 5), and full-scale production began in 1895 when Hanajima Heiemon began mass-producing sweetened condensed milk in a vacuum kettle. Sweetened condensed milk was used as the main dairy product for infants from the Meiji period until the early Showa period, when the technology for powdered milk was perfected, but due to its high sugar content, it is now considered unsuitable for the nutritional needs of infants.

Sweetened condensed milk contains lactose that has low solubility in water, so about half of the lactose precipitates as crystals in the condensed milk. When the diameter of these crystals is 10 micrometers or more, the lactose crystals feel like sand in the mouth. Therefore, in order to promote the formation of the finest crystals possible, when cooling after concentration, finely ground lactose is added as seed crystals while stirring.

[Kyoji Niinuma and Akiaki Wani]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

全脂乳または脱脂乳にショ糖を添加するか、または添加せずに、真空状態で2分の1から2.5分の1程度まで濃縮したもの。ショ糖の添加・無添加によって加糖練乳と無糖練乳に大別される。通称コンデンス・ミルクcondensed milkは加糖練乳をさし、無糖全脂練乳をエバミルクevaporated milkとよぶ。加糖練乳はショ糖分40~45%を含み浸透圧が高いため、果実ジャムと同様に細菌の繁殖を防ぎ、無糖練乳は缶詰後滅菌処理(115℃、15~20分)されるので、両者とも乳の保存性を高めるための加工方法である。

 牛乳を濃縮するために、工業化以前は、浅い平鍋(ひらなべ)でかきまぜながら煮つめたが、1856年にアメリカで真空濃縮装置が発明され、以後工業的な生産が行われるようになった。現在では多重効用真空濃縮装置で60℃以下の温度で濃縮される。日本では1872年(明治5)京都で試作されたのが最初といわれ、本格的生産は1895年花島兵右衛門(へいえもん)の真空釜(がま)による加糖練乳の大量生産からである。加糖練乳は、明治以降、粉乳の技術が完成する昭和初期まで、育児用乳製品の主力として利用されてきたが、糖分が多く、現在では乳児の栄養上不適当と判断されている。

 加糖練乳は、含有する乳糖の水に対する溶解度が低いため、乳糖量の約半分が練乳中に結晶として析出する。この結晶の直径が10マイクロメートル以上のときは、口の中で砂状の乳糖結晶を感ずる。したがって極力微細な結晶を促進するため、濃縮後冷却に際し、攪拌(かくはん)しながら、あらかじめ細かく粉砕した乳糖を種結晶として添加することが行われている。

[新沼杏二・和仁皓明]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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