In the narrow sense, it refers to the Marxism developed in the early 20th century by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. In a broader sense, it can refer to the entire trend of Russian Marxism developed by Stalin and others under Lenin's influence, in which case it is also called Marxism-Leninism. Lenin spoke at length about the historical development of Marxism, and criticized the revisionism of Bernstein and others that emerged in the Second International, and the economist interpretation of the materialist conception of history by Kautsky and others. However, he also analyzed the transition from the free competition stage of capitalism to the monopoly capitalist stage, and argued that the First World War occurred in accordance with the logic of this stage of monopoly capitalism, which was: accumulation and concentration of production → establishment of finance capital and financial oligarchy → export of capital → formation of international monopolies → division of the world by the great powers (Imperialism). He also argued that imperialism was not only "monopoly capitalism" but also "decayed capitalism" and "dying capitalism," and that socialist revolution was possible even in the underdeveloped country of Russia, which was a "weak link" in the uneven development of the world system, and developed the revolutionary theory conceived by Marx mainly in accordance with developed capitalist countries in terms of the theory of democratic dictatorship of workers and peasants, the theory of proletarian hegemony in bourgeois democratic revolution and its growth into socialist revolution, the role of national and colonial issues in the imperialist era, etc. Furthermore, by achieving victory in the Russian February Revolution and October Revolution in 1917, he theorized at a concrete level that Marx had not been able to raise, the superiority of the Soviet system as the state form of the proletarian dictatorship over the bourgeois democratic parliamentary system, the role of the vanguard party under the dictatorship of the proletariat, democratic centralism as the organizational principle of the vanguard party, and the problem of the alliance of workers and peasants in building socialism. Shortly after Lenin's death (January 1924), conflicts intensified within the Russian Communist Party, which he had founded, among Stalin, Bukharin, Trotsky, Zinoviev and others. In particular, in the intra-party debates over "building socialism in one country" and "democratic centralism," each party member sought to legitimize their own claims and be recognized as a "disciple of Lenin," and the term "Leninism" emerged, and its content became one of the topics of debate. Initially, there were some, like Zinoviev, who considered Leninism to be conditional and limited in its nature in accordance with "the theory of the driving force behind the Russian Revolution" and the backwardness of the peasantry, but Stalin, in the process of criticizing Trotsky and Zinoviev and establishing his own political position, came up with the famous formulation that "Leninism is Marxism in the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution. More precisely, Leninism is the theory and tactics of the proletarian revolution in general, and the theory and tactics of the dictatorship of the proletariat in particular." This positioning of Leninism as "Marxism in the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution" became widespread as Leninism. Comintern, following Stalin's definition, defined Leninism as follows: (1) the theory of imperialism and the proletarian revolution; (2) the conditions and forms for realizing the dictatorship of the proletariat; (3) the relationship between the proletariat and the peasantry; (4) the significance of the national question in general; (5) the special significance of the national movement in colonial and semi-colonial countries for the proletarian world revolution; (6) the role of the party; (7) the tactics of the proletariat in times of imperialist war; (8) the proletarian revolution in the transitional period; (9) the role of the proletarian state as a concrete form of the proletarian state during this period, (10) the problem of social stratification within the proletariat itself as a source of division of the labor movement into opportunistic tendencies and revolutionary tendencies, and (11) the overcoming of right-wing and social-democratic tendencies as well as left-wing bias within the communist movement. This was globalized through the international communist movement and escalated into "Marxism-Leninism." However, the substance of "Marxism in the Age of Imperialism and Proletarian Revolution" that Stalin formulated in "The Foundations of Leninism" and "Problems of Leninism" did not necessarily coincide with Lenin's own views and ideology, such as the theory of "Imperialism = Three Great Contradictions," the theory of "Major Blow to Left Social Democracy," the theory of "One-Party Socialism" and the absolutization of "Prohibition of Party Factions," and should rather be called "Stalinism." Leninism as Lenin's own views and ideology also strongly bore the historical and national characteristics of Russia in the early 20th century, such as its understanding of the dictatorship of the proletariat, its theory of the destruction of the old state apparatus, its theory of professional revolutionary party organization, and its underestimation of parliamentary democracy. However, as it ultimately collapsed with the Eastern European Revolution in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the view that it was rather a stage of "Russian Marxism" in the lineage of Plekhanov → Lenin → Stalin became dominant. [Tetsuro Kato] "The Foundations of Leninism" by Stalin, translated by the Collected Works Publishing Committee (Otsuki Shoten, Kokumin Bunko) " ▽ "Lenin and the Modern Age" edited by Sweezy and Magdoff, translated by Sakai Hideo and Oka Toshitaka (1972, Fukumura Publishing) [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
狭義には、ウラジーミル・イリイチ・レーニンによって20世紀初頭に展開されたマルクス主義をさす。より広義には、レーニンの影響を受けスターリンらにより展開されたロシア型マルクス主義の潮流全体をさす場合もあり、この場合にはマルクス・レーニン主義という呼称も用いられた。 レーニンは、マルクス主義の歴史的発展について多くを語り、第二インターナショナルに現れたベルンシュタインらの修正主義やカウツキーらによる唯物史観の経済主義的解釈に批判を加えたが、自らも、資本主義の自由競争段階から独占資本主義段階への移行について分析し、第一次世界大戦が、この独占資本主義段階における、生産の集積・集中→金融資本と金融寡頭制の成立→資本輸出→国際的独占団体形成→列強の世界分割の論理に従って起こったと論じた(『帝国主義論』)。また、帝国主義は「独占資本主義」であるとともに「腐朽的資本主義」「死滅しつつある資本主義」であるとして、その世界体制の不均等発展における「弱い環」である後進国ロシアでも社会主義革命が可能となることを主張し、マルクスにおいて主として発達した資本主義国に即して構想されていた革命理論を、労働者と農民の民主主義的独裁の理論、ブルジョア民主主義革命におけるプロレタリアートのヘゲモニーとその社会主義革命への成長転化の理論、民族・植民地問題の帝国主義時代における役割などの面で発展させた。さらに、1917年のロシア二月革命・十月革命を勝利させることにより、プロレタリアート独裁の国家形態としてのソビエト制のブルジョア民主主義的議会制に対する優位、プロレタリアート独裁のもとでの前衛党の役割、前衛党の組織原則としての民主集中制、社会主義建設における労働者と農民の同盟の問題などについても、マルクスが提起しえなかった具体的レベルにおいて理論化した。 レーニンの死(1924年1月)の直後から、彼の創設したロシア共産党の内部で、スターリン、ブハーリン、トロツキー、ジノビエフらの抗争が激化し、とりわけ「一国社会主義建設」や「民主集中制」をめぐる党内論争のなかで、それぞれが自己の主張を正統化し「レーニンの弟子」であると認めさせようとして、「レーニン主義」の呼称が現れ、その内容が論争の一主題となった。当初は、ジノビエフのように、「ロシア革命の原動力の学説」と農民的後進性に即して条件的・限定的に考える主張もあったが、スターリンは、トロツキーやジノビエフを批判し、自らの政治的地位を確立する過程で、「レーニン主義は、帝国主義とプロレタリア革命の時代のマルクス主義である。もっと正確にいえば、レーニン主義は、一般的にはプロレタリア革命の理論と戦術であり、特殊的にはプロレタリアートの独裁の理論と戦術である」という有名な定式化を行い、この「帝国主義とプロレタリア革命の時代のマルクス主義」としての位置づけが、レーニン主義として普及していった。また、コミンテルンでは、このスターリンの規定を受けて、レーニン主義を、〔1〕帝国主義論とプロレタリア革命論、〔2〕プロレタリアートの独裁の実現の諸条件と諸形態、〔3〕プロレタリアートと農民との相互関係、〔4〕民族問題一般の意義、〔5〕プロレタリア世界革命にとっての植民地・半植民地諸国における民族運動の特殊な意義、〔6〕党の役割、〔7〕帝国主義戦争の時代におけるプロレタリアートの戦術、〔8〕過渡期におけるプロレタリア国家の役割、〔9〕この期のプロレタリア国家の具体的型としてのソビエト権力、〔10〕日和見(ひよりみ)主義的傾向と革命的傾向等への労働運動の分裂の源泉としてのプロレタリアート自身の内部での社会階層化問題、〔11〕共産主義運動内における右翼的・社会民主主義的傾向および左翼的偏向の克服、のすべての面での普遍的原理とし、これが国際共産主義運動を通じて世界化され、「マルクス・レーニン主義」へとエスカレートしていった。 しかし、スターリンが『レーニン主義の基礎』や『レーニン主義の諸問題』などで定式化した「帝国主義とプロレタリア革命の時代のマルクス主義」の内実は、その「帝国主義=三大矛盾」論、「左翼社会民主主義主要打撃」論、「社会主義一党制」「党内分派禁止」の絶対化など、かならずしもレーニン自身の見解・思想と一致するものではなく、むしろ「スターリン主義」とよぶべきものであった。また、レーニン自身の見解・思想としてのレーニン主義も、そのプロレタリアート独裁理解、旧国家機構粉砕論、職業革命家的党組織論、議会制民主主義の過小評価など、20世紀初頭ロシアの歴史的民族的特性を色濃く帯びており、それが1989年東欧革命、91年ソ連解体で最終的に破綻(はたん)することにより、むしろプレハーノフ→レーニン→スターリンの系譜の「ロシア・マルクス主義」の一段階であったとする見解が支配的になった。 [加藤哲郎] 『スターリン著、全集刊行会訳『レーニン主義の基礎』(大月書店・国民文庫)』▽『スウィージー、マグドフ編、坂井秀夫・岡俊孝訳『現代とレーニン』(1972・福村出版)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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