Doshi - Doshi

A type of local official placed in the western and southwestern ethnic minority regions of China from the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). The Yuan Dynasty appointed local officials (local governors appointed by the central government) such as Xuan'ishisi (Xuan'ishi), Xuan'bushi (Xuan'bushi), An'bushi (An'bushi), and Sho'toushi (Sho'toushi) in these regions to govern the military and civilian affairs, while using local governors (Toushu) (heads of indigenous peoples) as governors of indigenous villages and entrusting them to self-governance according to traditional practices. These governors were called Tusi and Tukan. The Ming Dynasty also followed this Yuan system, and further added the Yuan liu-kan to Tusi, expanded its ranks, and tried to appease them. In peacetime, Tusi's responsibilities were only to pay tribute once every three or five years, which was much lighter than that of the Liu-kan. A major role of the Tusi was to be conscripted to suppress rebellions, and some made great contributions to such endeavors as the Wakou (Japanese pirates) during the Jiajing period (1522-66), the three great expeditions during the Wanli period (1573-1619), and the Liaodong military affairs from the Wanli to Chongzhen periods (1628-44). The Qing dynasty continued the Yuan and Ming dynasties, but in the Qing, those in civil positions were called Tukan and those in military positions were called Tusi. The policy of changing Tu to Kiryu during the Yongzheng period (1723-35) reduced the number of Tusi somewhat, but their importance did not decrease.

[Mamoru Kawakatsu]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国で元代（1271～1368）から西・西南部の少数民族地区に置かれた一種の地方官。すなわち、元朝は軍民統治の流官（中央政府の任命する地方長官）である宣慰使司(せんいしし)、宣撫司(せんぶし)、安撫司(あんぶし)、招討司(しょうとうし)などをこれら地区に設ける一方、土着民族の集落の長官司として土酋(どしゅう)（土着民族の長）を用い、従来の慣行によって自治にゆだねた。これら長官司を土司、土官とよんだ。明(みん)も、この元制を踏襲し、さらに元の流官をも土司に加え、その整備拡大を図り、官爵を授与して懐柔に努めた。平時における土司の責任は3年あるいは5年に一度朝貢するだけで、流官に比べればはるかに軽かった。土司の任務の大きなものは、反乱討滅などに徴発されることで、嘉靖(かせい)年間（1522～66）の倭寇(わこう)、万暦(ばんれき)年間（1573～1619）の三大征や、万暦～崇禎(すうてい)年間（1628～44）の遼東(りょうとう)兵事などに多大な功績を残したものがいる。清(しん)代も、元・明代を継承したが、清では文職に属するものを土官、武職に属するものを土司とした。雍正(ようせい)年間（1723～35）の改土帰流(かいどきりゅう)政策でやや縮小されたが、その重要性は減じなかった。

［川勝　守］

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