It refers to a methodological stance that emphasizes the historical nature of law and seeks to understand it in relation to the culture of a nation as a whole, or to empirical research using this method. It arose in Germany in the early 19th century and had a considerable influence on legal theory in England and France. Those who follow this school are known as the historical school of law. The pioneer of German historical jurisprudence was Hugo, who advocated the historical exploration of legal sources, but it was Savigny who established the methodological foundation for this. In his "The Modern Mission of Legislation and Jurisprudence" (1814), written in opposition to the theory of the codification of the civil code, Savigny criticized the legislative work based on the Enlightenment theory of natural law from the viewpoint that law, like language, is organically generated by the common conviction of a nation (national spirit), and called for the need to study customary law and to build a historicist jurisprudence. This debate on the code prompted Savigny to found the "Journal of Historical Jurisprudence" and form a school of thought, but his own subsequent research focused exclusively on Roman law, rather than on Germanic law, which was the national law. Although the attempt to purify Roman law and extract legal concepts prepared the way for the system of modern private law, Jhering and others pointed out its ahistorical nature. Savigny's pupil J. Grimm was faithful to the original romantic programme of historical jurisprudence. In an essay entitled "The inner poetry of law" in the Journal of Historical Jurisprudence, he focused on the symbolic character of legal language in old Germanic customary law. Grimm considered the folkloric linguistic achievements of Halle in the so-called Grimm's Fairy Tales and the German Lexicon to be an integral part of the study of customary law. British historical jurisprudence includes the theory of legal development developed in Mayne's Ancient Laws (1861) and Vinogradov's theory of historical legal ideals. Both are significant in that they criticized the speculative nature of analytical jurisprudence and pursued the relationship between law and society. In France, historians such as Michelet and Festell de Coulanges have a tendency toward historical jurisprudence. [Tsuyoshi Katada] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
法の歴史的性格を重視し、これを民族の文化総体との連関でとらえようとする方法論的立場、あるいはこの方法による実証的研究をいう。19世紀初頭のドイツに興り、イギリスやフランスの法理論にも少なからぬ影響を与えた。その同調者は歴史法学派とよばれる。 ドイツの歴史法学は、法源の歴史的な探究を提唱したフーゴーを先駆者とするが、これに方法的基礎づけを行ったのはサビニーである。民法典編纂(へんさん)論に反対して書かれた『立法および法学に対する現代の使命』(1814)においてサビニーは、法は言語と等しく民族の共同の確信(民族精神)によって有機的に生成するとの観点から、啓蒙(けいもう)主義的自然法論による立法作業を批判するとともに、慣習法研究の必要と歴史主義的法学の構築を訴えた。この法典論争を契機にサビニーは『歴史法学雑誌』を創刊して学派を形成したが、彼自身のその後の研究は民族法たるゲルマン法ではなく、もっぱらローマ法を対象とした。ローマ法を純粋化して法的概念を抽出する試みは、近代私法学の体系を準備したとはいえ、イェーリングらによりむしろその非歴史性が指摘されている。 歴史法学の当初のロマン主義的な綱領に忠実であったのは、サビニーの弟子J・グリムである。彼は『歴史法学雑誌』に「法の内なるポエジー」と題する論文を寄せて、古ゲルマンの慣習法にみられる法的言語の象徴的性格に着目した。いわゆるグリム童話や『ドイツ語辞典』における民俗学的なハレ言語学的業績は、グリムにとって慣習法研究と一体のものと考えられていた。 イギリスの歴史法学としては、メーンの『古代法』(1861)に展開された法発展論や、ビノグラドフによる歴史的法理念型の理論がある。ともに分析法学の思弁性を批判して法と社会のかかわりを追究した点に意義がある。フランスでは、歴史学者のミシュレやフェステル・ド・クーランジュに、歴史法学的傾向が認められる。 [堅田 剛] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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