Velvet - Biroudo

Japanese: ビロード - びろーど
Velvet - Biroudo

It is also written as Tengasu and is called velvet. It is a type of piled fabric with loops on the woven surface, which are sometimes cut to resemble feathers. Velvet is said to be a corrupted word from the Portuguese word velludo and the Spanish word vellude. The character Tengasu also means a white celestial bird, which well describes its quality.

The origin of velvet is unclear, but it was already being produced along the Mediterranean coast in the Middle Ages. In Italy, it was produced in cities such as Florence, Milan, and Genoa, and the Huerte family of Florence was particularly famous. Genoa flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries, and actively exported velvet to France, England, and other countries. It is said that production in Lyon, France, began after 1480. Velvet was particularly popular for its soft feel and deep color, and was favored by emperors, gentlemen, and ladies of European countries. Velvet was first imported to Japan by Portuguese merchant ships during the Tenbun era (1532-55), but it was not until the Keian era (1648-52) that Japan began weaving it in imitation of Dutch products. At the time, the weaving technique was unknown, and copper wire for making rings happened to be left inside the velvet, so it is said that the manufacturing method was devised based on this. In other words, it is a wire-woven velvet with rings, which are made by weaving wire horizontally to create rings and then cutting the ends of the rings to make them fluffy, with the length of the fluff being determined by the size of the wire. The production of cotton velvet began at the end of the Edo period, corduroy production began in 1894 (Meiji 27), and velvet began at the beginning of the Taisho period.

Velvet can be broadly divided into warp velvet and weft velvet, but warp velvet is the most common in Japan, and is collectively called velvet. The main weft velvet is velvet (also known as cotton velvet or toten). Velvet made with this wool comes in a variety of types, ranging from those with a strong luster on the surface to those with a subdued look, depending on the type of yarn and the finish, and can range from thin fabrics where the texture shows through to those that are quite thick. The fiber used is silk, but similar rayon and nylon are also used, and lower-grade products also use cotton and staple. The most common colors are dark blue, black, shrimp brown, and white, but some have a iridescent effect. Applications include women's and children's clothing, hats, shawls, interior decoration, and chair upholstery.

[Kadoyama Yukihiro]

[Reference] | Textiles
Velvet structure (hairy velvet)
©Shogakukan ">

Velvet structure (hairy velvet)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

天鵞絨とも書き一名ベルベットという。添毛(てんもう)織物の一つで、織面に輪奈(わな)を出し、ときにはそれを切断して羽毛のようになった織物である。ビロードとは、ポルトガル語のベルードvelludo、スペイン語のベルードvelludeの転訛(てんか)した語といわれている。また天鵞絨の文字は、白い天の鳥という意味をもち、その品質をよく表している。

 ビロードの発祥地はよくわからないが、中世においてすでに地中海沿岸で生産されていた。イタリアではフィレンツェ、ミラノ、ジェノバなどの諸都市において生産され、とくにフィレンツェのウエルテ一家は著名であった。またジェノバは16、7世紀にとくに興隆した土地で、フランスやイギリス、その他の国々へ盛んに輸出されていた。フランスのリヨンの生産は1480年以後といわれる。とくにビロードのもつ柔軟な手ざわり、深みのある色調が喜ばれ、ヨーロッパ諸国の帝王をはじめ、紳士淑女が好んで用いてきたものであった。日本へビロードが輸入されたのは、天文(てんぶん)年間(1532~55)にポルトガル商船がもたらしたものであるが、慶安(けいあん)年間(1648~52)になってオランダ製品を模して織り始めた。そのとき製織技法がわからず、たまたまビロードの中に輪奈をつくるための銅線が残されていたので、これをもとにして製法を考案したといわれる。つまり輪奈の有線ビロードであり、針金を横に織り込んで輪奈をつくり、その輪奈の先を切って毛羽を立てたもので、針金の寸法によって毛羽の長短ができるわけである。綿ビロードの生産は、江戸末期から始まり、コール天は1894年(明治27)に至って生産開始をみるに至り、別珍(べっちん)は大正時代の初めから始まった。

 ビロードを大別すると、経毛(たてげ)ビロードと緯(よこ)毛ビロードに分けられるが、日本では経毛のものがほとんどで、これをビロードと総称しており、緯毛のもののおもなものに別珍(べっちん)(別名、綿ビロード・唐天(とうてん))がある。この添毛を使ったものは、糸の種類、仕上げにより、布面の光沢が強いものや落ち着いたものまで、いろいろの種類があり、地合いの透いてみえる薄地のものから、相当厚地のものまである。繊維は絹であったが、それに類似の人絹・ナイロンを使い、下級品には、木綿・スフも使われる。色調は濃紺(のうこん)、黒、えび茶、白などが多いが、ときには玉虫効果を表したものもある。用途は、婦人子供服地、帽子、肩掛け、室内装飾、椅子(いす)張りなど。

[角山幸洋]

[参照項目] | 織物
ビロードの組織図(経毛ビロード)
©Shogakukan">

ビロードの組織図(経毛ビロード)


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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