Philosophy of History - Rekishi shite tugaku (English spelling) philosophy of history English

Japanese: 歴史哲学 - れきしてつがく(英語表記)philosophy of history 英語
Philosophy of History - Rekishi shite tugaku (English spelling) philosophy of history English

It is a philosophical consideration of history, and its contents are as diverse as philosophy itself. Although it is considered to have started as early as Augustine's City of God (early 5th century), the term "philosophy of history" was first used in Voltaire's Discours General de Historia (1756) in the mid-18th century, so the modern meaning of philosophy of history must have been around since the second half of the 18th century. Philosophy of history is usually broadly divided into (1) historical metaphysics, speculative philosophy of history, and substantial philosophy of history, and (2) historical methodology, historical logic, formal philosophy of history, and epistemology of history. The former aims to deepen philosophical reflection on the existential aspects of history, such as historical events and processes, their meanings and values, while the latter aims to deepen philosophical reflection on the cognitive aspects of history, such as the nature of historiography and the logic of historical explanations.

The first type of philosophy of history was put forward in the 18th century as a progressive view of history in the lineage of Enlightenment thought by Voltaire, Turgot, Condorcet, and others, and was further developed into the so-called German idealism after Kant, resulting in the greatest speculative philosophy of history, that of Hegel. Apart from this lineage, we must not forget the path from Vico in the early 18th century to Herder. Furthermore, the 19th century gave birth to Marx's materialist view of history, a philosophy of history that still has a great influence on human history, and on the other hand, a positivist philosophy of history, as represented by Comte, was formed. The great philosophies of history of the 19th century, Hegel, Marx, and Comte, were all very different from each other, but they all shared the common characteristic of a theory of stages of development. However, in the 20th century, a view of history that emphasized the cycle or decline of history rather than the development of history, such as Spengler, Sorokin, Kroeber, and Toynbee, appeared.

The second type of philosophy of history was born in the second half of the 19th century, when the development of historiography and historicism was entering a period of reflection. On the one hand, neo-Kantianists such as Rickert sought to establish an epistemological foundation for historiography, and this lineage includes the methodology of Max Weber. On the other hand, the philosophy of life of Dilthey and others attempted to clarify the comprehensible structure of historical awareness. This lineage developed to Croce in Italy and Collingwood in England. However, it was through criticism of Collingwood's idealist position that logical positivist theories of history were put forward by Popper and others. Philosophy of history is originally constructed in response to the challenges of facing crises and turning points in human history, but it must be said that today it is all the more confusing.

[Masahiko Kamikawa]

"33 World Masterpieces by Vico, translated by Shimizu Junichi and Yoneyama Yoshiaki, New Science (1979, Chuokoron-Shinsha)""Philosophy of History by Hegel, translated by Takeichi Taketo, all three volumes (Iwanami Bunko)""The Theory and History of History by Croce, translated by Hani Goro (Iwanami Bunko)""Methodology of the Social Sciences by Weber, translated by Tominaga Yuji and Tatsuno Yasuo (Iwanami Bunko)""The Idea of ​​History by Collingwood, translated by Komatsu Shigeo and Miura Osamu (1970, Kinokuniya Shoten)""The Poverty of Historicism by Popper, translated by Ichii Saburo and Kuno Osamu (1961, Chuokoron-Shinsha)""The Philosophy of History by Kamikawa Masahiko (1968, Baifukan)""Philosophy of History by Walsh, translated by Kamiyama Shiro (1979, Sobunsha)""Philosophical Analysis" by Ichii Saburo (1963, Iwanami Shoten)""A View of History" by Kayano Yoshio (1964, Kinokuniya Shoten)""Introduction to History" by Kamiyama Shiro (Kodansha Gendai Shinsho)""Words and Logic in History" III by Kamikawa Masahiko (1970, 1971, Keiso Shobo)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

歴史に対する哲学的考察のことで、その内容は哲学と同じように多様であるといわざるをえない。古くはアウグスティヌスの『神の国』(5世紀初め)から始まるとみなされても、歴史哲学ということばが18世紀なかばボルテールの『一般歴史考』(1756)で初めて用いられたといわれるように、近代的な意味での歴史哲学はやはり18世紀後半以降のものであろう。歴史哲学は普通大別して、(1)歴史形而上(けいじじょう)学、思弁的歴史哲学、実質的歴史哲学などとよばれるものと、(2)歴史方法論、歴史論理学、形式的歴史哲学、歴史認識論などとよばれるものに分けられる。前者は、歴史の存在面というか、歴史のできごとや過程、その意味や価値に対して、後者は、歴史の認識面というか、歴史学のあり方とか歴史的説明の論理などをめぐって、哲学的反省を深めようとするものである。

 第1種の歴史哲学は、18世紀にはボルテール、チュルゴー、コンドルセなど啓蒙(けいもう)思想の系譜において進歩史観として打ち出され、カント以後いわゆるドイツ観念論のうちに深められて、ヘーゲルという最大の思弁的歴史哲学を生み出すに至る。この系統とは別に、18世紀初めにビコがあり、ヘルダーに至る道も忘れてはならない。さらに19世紀は、一方ではマルクスの唯物史観という、いまなお人類史に大きな影響を与えている歴史哲学を生み、他方ではコントに代表されるような実証主義的な歴史哲学が形づくられる。19世紀の偉大な歴史哲学は、ヘーゲル、マルクス、コントとそれぞれ大いに異なるにせよ、発展段階説という共通の性格を示している。ところが20世紀となると、シュペングラーをはじめソローキン、クローバー、トインビーなど、歴史の発展ではなく歴史の循環なり没落なりを強調する歴史観が登場する。

 第2種の歴史哲学は、歴史学および歴史主義の進展が一定の反省期にさしかかった19世紀後半に生まれた。一方、新カント主義を中心としてリッケルトなど歴史学の認識論的基礎づけが求められたが、この系譜にM・ウェーバーの方法論も連なっている。他方、ディルタイなどの生の哲学が歴史認識の了解的な構造を明らかにしようとした。この系譜は、イタリアのクローチェ、イギリスのコリングウッドへと展開する。ところが、このようなコリングウッドの観念論的な立場を批判するところから、ポッパーなど論理実証主義的な歴史理論が提起されたのである。歴史哲学は本来人類史の危機や転換期に直面してその課題にこたえることを求められて構築されるが、それだけ今日混迷の度も深いといわねばならない。

[神川正彦]

『ヴィーコ著、清水純一・米山喜晟訳『世界の名著33 新しい学』(1979・中央公論社)』『ヘーゲル著、武市健人訳『歴史哲学』全三冊(岩波文庫)』『クローチェ著、羽仁五郎訳『歴史の理論と歴史』(岩波文庫)』『ウェーバー著、富永祐治・立野保男訳『社会科学方法論』(岩波文庫)』『コリングウッド著、小松茂夫・三浦修訳『歴史の観念』(1970・紀伊國屋書店)』『ポッパー著、市井三郎・久野収訳『歴史主義の貧困』(1961・中央公論社)』『ドレイ著、神川正彦訳『歴史の哲学』(1968・培風館)』『ウォルシュ著、神山四郎訳『歴史哲学』(1979・創文社)』『市井三郎著『哲学的分析』(1963・岩波書店)』『茅野良男著『歴史のみかた』(1964・紀伊國屋書店)』『神山四郎著『歴史入門』(講談社現代新書)』『神川正彦著『歴史における言葉と論理』Ⅲ(1970、71・勁草書房)』

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