Exile - Ruzai

Japanese: 流罪 - るざい

Since ancient times, this was the second most severe punishment after the death penalty. It is also called exile. When it was first enacted, it was said to have retained the strong influence of the idea of "kami-ohi" (exorcising the gods) and "harahi" (exorcising the deities), which was practiced before the Ritsuryo system, where those who incurred the wrath of the gods were abandoned on an island. In the Ritsuryo system, it was one of the five punishments, and the three main classes were nearby exile (konru), middle exile (churu), and far exile (onru), which combined forced relocation to a distant place with a certain period of hard labor (as a slave) in an exile facility. In the 724 Shikishiki, far exile was set to Izu, Awa, Sado, and Oki provinces, middle exile to Iyo province, and nearby exile to Echizen and Aki provinces, but this was later changed. In the Middle Ages, in addition to the exile facilities mentioned above, there were also examples of exile by the Imperial Court in Mutsu, Echigo, and Iwo Jima. Under the Kamakura Shogunate Law, this was a punishment for common people who did not own land, and was roughly equivalent to the confiscation of land. During the Edo Period, it was called "Ento" (exile to a distant island) and was widely used as a punishment for negligent murder, gambling, and accessory to murder. From Edo, exiles were sent to the Seven Islands, such as Izu Oshima and Hachijojima, and from Kyoto and Osaka, exiles were sent to Satsuma, the Goto Islands, and Oki Provinces. Offenders had their property confiscated and were forced to fend for themselves in exile, but were later given a small allowance. The new Meiji government also stipulated exile to Hokkaido as one of the five penalties in 1870, but it was abolished in 1873.
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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

古代以来，死罪に次ぐ重刑として行われた刑罰。流刑(るけい)ともいう。施行当初は律令制以前に行われていた，神の怒りに触れた者を島に捨てる〈神逐ひ〉〈はらひ〉の思想を色濃く残していたとされる。律では五刑の一で，近流(こんる)・中流(ちゅうる)・遠流(おんる)の３等が中心を占め，遠隔地への強制移住と配所での一定期間の労役（徒(ず)）とを合わせる。配所は724年式により遠流は伊豆国・安房国・佐渡国・隠岐国など，中流は伊予国など，近流は越前国・安芸国と定められたが，その後変更もあった。中世には朝廷による流罪では前述の配所のほか，陸奥国・越後国，硫黄島などの例がみられる。鎌倉幕府法では所領を持たない凡下(ぼんげ)の輩に対する刑罰として行われ，およそ所領没収に相当するものと位置づけられていた。江戸時代には遠島(えんとう)（島流し）と称し，過失殺・博打・殺人従犯などの刑罰として広範に執行された。配流先は江戸からは伊豆大島・八丈島など七島，京・大坂などからは薩摩・五島列島・隠岐国などと定められた。罪人は財産を没収され，配流先では自活を余儀なくされたが，のちには少々の手当てが支給された。明治新政府も1870年五刑の一として北海道への流刑を規定したが，1873年廃止された。
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