Marine Biological Laboratory

Japanese: 臨海実験所 - りんかいじっけんしょ(英語表記)marine biological laboratory
Marine Biological Laboratory

A marine laboratory is a facility established on the coast for education and research on the ocean and marine organisms. The world's oldest marine laboratory is the Roscoff Laboratory in France, founded in 1872, followed by the Naples Laboratory in Italy (1874). Both are still active as frontline research institutes, with the latter being particularly well-known as an international joint-use laboratory. Other major marine laboratories abroad include Plymouth in the UK, Heligoland in Germany, and Woods Hole in the US. In Japan, the first was the Misaki Marine Laboratory of the University of Tokyo, established in 1886 (Meiji 19), followed by Kyoto University's Seto, Tohoku University's Asamushi, and Kyushu University's Amakusa in the 1920s, which became pioneers in marine biology research.

The research content at marine research stations is common in that it targets or uses marine organisms as materials, but it is diverse and each station has its own characteristics, covering taxonomy, ecology, development, physiology, biochemistry, and more. The biota around the stations that are the subject of research are also extremely diverse, ranging from the subarctic Hokkaido to the tropical Okinawa. Therefore, the content of the marine training also varies considerably from university to university, with the exception of an introductory course that aims to provide an introduction to marine biology, and there is a system of open marine training that students from other universities can take. Joint use by researchers from other research institutes and overseas is also common, and providing services to these visiting researchers is one of the main tasks of the marine research stations.

Most of Japan's marine experimental stations belong to national universities, and in addition to the four mentioned above, there are others such as Hokkaido University's Akkeshi, University of Tsukuba's Shimoda, Niigata University's Sado, Nagoya University's Sugashima, Okayama University's Ushimado, Hiroshima University's Mukaishima, Kochi University's Usa, and Ryukyu University's Sesoko.

[Tadakazu Araga]

[Reference item] | Marine Research Institute

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

海岸に設置され、海洋および海産生物に関する教育、研究を行う施設をいう。世界最古の臨海実験所は1872年に創設されたフランスのロスコフ実験所、ついでイタリアのナポリ実験所(1874)である。ともに現在でも第一線の研究機関として活動しており、とくに後者は国際共同利用の実験所として著名である。このほか外国のおもな臨海実験所には、イギリスのプリマス、ドイツのヘルゴラント、アメリカのウッズ・ホールなどがある。日本では1886年(明治19)に初めて東京大学の三崎臨海実験所が、続いて1920年代に京都大学の瀬戸、東北大学の浅虫、九州大学の天草の各臨海実験所が設立され、海洋生物学研究の先駆となった。

 臨海実験所での研究内容は、海産生物を対象または材料とする点で共通しているが、分類学、生態学、発生学、生理学、生化学など、多岐にわたり、各実験所それぞれに特徴がある。また研究対象となる実験所周辺の生物相も、亜寒帯性の北海道から熱帯性の沖縄まで、著しく変化に富んでいる。したがって臨海実習の内容も、海洋生物学の手ほどきを目的とする初級コースを除けば、各大学によりかなり異なり、他大学の学生も受講できる公開臨海実習の制度が設けられている。他の研究機関や外国からの研究者による共同利用も盛んで、それらの来訪研究者に対するサービスも、臨海実験所のおもな業務の一つになっている。

 日本の臨海実験所のほとんどは国立大学に所属し、前記4か所のほかに、北海道大学の厚岸(あっけし)、筑波(つくば)大学の下田(しもだ)、新潟大学の佐渡、名古屋大学の菅島(すがしま)、岡山大学の牛窓(うしまど)、広島大学の向島(むかいしま)、高知大学の宇佐(うさ)、琉球(りゅうきゅう)大学の瀬底(せそこ)などがある。

[荒賀忠一]

[参照項目] | 海洋研究所

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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