(1) Nuclear terminology: Refers to a state in which a chain reaction of nuclear fission continues at a constant rate in an atomic reactor, etc.
(2) Thermodynamics terms When a phase diagram is made by changing temperature, pressure, and volume, and changes such as liquefaction of gas or vaporization of liquid are observed, at a certain point, they no longer occur. This state is called the critical state. The equilibrium state of a pure substance is determined by temperature and pressure, and generally, the range of existence of each phase of solid, liquid, and gas is shown as shown in Figure A. The curves showing the boundaries of the range of existence of each phase represent the combination of temperature and pressure at which the two phases can coexist in equilibrium. For example, if a solid is heated under constant pressure, the melting phenomenon begins when the temperature crosses the line DE, and the solid and liquid coexist. At this time, if the supply of heat to melt the solid is stopped, the solid and liquid will continue to coexist. If more heat is supplied, the proportion of liquid will increase, but the temperature will not increase and will remain constant until the entire substance becomes liquid. This is because there is a clear physical boundary between solid and liquid, and latent heat is required to transition from solid to liquid. This type of transition discontinuously changes the properties of the substance (e.g. density), and is called a first-order phase transition (also called a first-order phase transformation). The same is true for sublimation and vaporization, whose boundaries are represented by the curves CD and DP, respectively. However, the curve DP ends at point P. This is because at temperatures and pressures above point P, the liquid-gas transition is no longer discontinuous, and the coexistence of gas and liquid is no longer possible, and there is no boiling point or latent heat. In this type of transition, the state of the substance changes continuously and uniformly from the original state to the final state even if the temperature or pressure is changed, and it is no longer possible for gas and liquid to coexist. This type of transition is sometimes called a higher-order phase transition, but it is better to consider it as a change in the properties of a single state rather than a transition. In this case, the substance is said to be in a critical state, and point P in Figure A is called the critical point, and the corresponding temperature and pressure are called the critical temperature and critical pressure, respectively. It has not been confirmed whether the solid-liquid transition also has a critical point. However, at the solid-liquid transition, a clear change in atomic arrangement occurs, so even at high pressures, the transition is discontinuous, and it is thought that the possibility of a critical point existing is low. The existence of a critical point at the liquid-gas transition is also predicted by the van der Waals equation of state. Figure B shows the van der Waals isotherm, and below a certain temperature Tc , a minimum A and a maximum B appear on the isotherm. However, the part AB is an unstable state in which the pressure increases as the volume increases, and is not possible to realize. The actual relationship between pressure and volume is given by a straight line XYZ drawn parallel to the horizontal axis so that the areas XAY and YBZ are equal. For example, in the isotherm L-G, LX corresponds to the liquid state, XZ corresponds to the coexistence of liquid and gas, and ZG corresponds to the gas state. As the temperature is increased, the minimum A and maximum B gradually approach each other, and at the critical temperature Tc, they coincide. In other words, above this temperature, the gas will not become a liquid no matter how much it is compressed. The volume Vc and pressure Pc corresponding to Tc and point C , that is, the critical volume and critical pressure are given by the van der Waals equation :Tc = 8a/27bR Pc = a/27b2 Vc=3b The critical point of water is Tc = 374°C. Pc = 218 atmVc = 3.1 cm3/ g It is.
[Kenichi Hirano and Yoshiaki Iijima]
[References] | Liquefaction | Vaporization | Phase diagram |Latent heat | Phase transition | Van der Waals equation of state | Chain reaction Phase diagram of matter (Figure A) This shows the relationship between pressure and temperature when the volume is kept constant, and is called an isochoric curve.
Phase diagram of matter (Figure A)
Van der Waals gas isotherm (Figure B) is the criticaltemperature
The van der Waals equation for gas…
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