A science that deals with the theories and applications required to genetically improve living organisms and develop new varieties. Depending on the type of organism being studied, there are fields such as plant breeding (crop breeding), animal breeding (livestock breeding), forest tree breeding, aquatic organism breeding, and microbial breeding. It also includes wildlife and is considered to be a science that comprehensively utilizes the genetic germplasm of living organisms. With the rediscovery of Mendel's law in 1900 and the systematization of genetics, which is the basis of breeding, breeding also began to be organized and systematized as a science. In Japan, the name "breeding science" was coined by Minami Teiji and Akemine Masao (1876-1948) at the beginning of the Taisho period, from the word "breeding" defined by Yokoi Tokiyoshi in his "General Theory of Cultivation" in 1898 (Meiji 31). Breeding is also widely known to the public as the term "varietal improvement." Breeding techniques can be broadly divided into the following aspects: managing germplasm through the search, collection, introduction, evaluation, and preservation of useful germplasm; creating new genetic mutations; producing and selecting organisms with superior genetic qualities; and maintaining and multiplying varieties with the new genetic qualities that have been produced. Genetic mutations can be produced by introducing organisms with new genotypes, artificial crossbreeding, inducing mutations using radiation or chemicals, as well as tissue culture, cell fusion technology, and molecular genetic techniques such as gene manipulation. At the selection stage, issues include creating a method for efficiently selecting superior genotypes, as well as developing methods for quickly and reliably distinguishing general selection target traits such as disease resistance, early maturity, yield, and quality, as well as specific target traits such as salt tolerance, photoperiod sensitivity, and others. At the stage of maintaining and multiplying varieties, methods of reproduction and storage are researched to maintain pure livestock, seeds, and seedlings with certain genetic characteristics, and to multiply them for practical use. Through these, genetics is the basis of breeding and a large part of applied genetics, and it has close relations with zoology, botany, animal and plant physiology, biochemistry, biophysics, animal and plant pathology, biostatistics, and other disciplines related to living organisms. [Shinya Iyama] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物を遺伝的に改良し、新品種を育成するのに必要な理論とその応用に関する学問。対象とする生物の種類によって、植物育種学(作物育種学)、動物育種学(家畜育種学)、林木育種学、水産生物育種学、微生物育種学などの分野がある。また、野生生物をも対象に含め、生物の生殖質を遺伝的に総合利用する学問という考え方もされている。1900年にメンデルの法則が再発見され、これを機に育種学の基礎となる遺伝学が体系化されたのに伴い、育種学もまた、科学として整備・体系化されるようになった。 日本での育種学という名称は、1898年(明治31)に横井時敬(ときよし)が『栽培汎論』のなかで定義した育種ということばにより、大正の初めごろ、見波定治(みなみていじ)、明峰正夫(あけみねまさお)(1876―1948)らによって名づけられた。育種はまた品種改良ということばで広く一般に知られている。 育種の技術を大別すると、有用生殖質の探索、収集、導入、評価、保存にわたる生殖質を管理すること、新しい遺伝的変異をつくりだすこと、優良な遺伝的素質をもった生物を作出・選抜すること、およびつくりだされた新しい遺伝的素質をもった品種を維持・増殖することなどの局面に分けられる。遺伝的変異の作出には、新しい遺伝子型をもった生物の導入、人為的な交雑、放射線や化学物質による突然変異の誘発などが用いられるほか、組織培養や、細胞融合の技術、遺伝子操作などの分子遺伝学的手法などが利用されている。選抜の段階では、効率よく優秀な遺伝子型を選び出す方式をつくることとともに、たとえば耐病性、早晩性、収量や品質などのような、一般選抜対象諸形質のほか、耐塩性、感光性、そのほかの特定対象形質を早く確実に見分けるための手法の開発も問題になる。品種の維持・増殖の段階では、一定の遺伝的特性をもった家畜や種子・種苗などを純粋に維持し、それを増殖して実用に供するために、繁殖や貯蔵の方法などが研究される。これらを通じて育種学の基本をなすものは遺伝学であり、応用遺伝学の大きな部分を占める。また動物学、植物学、動植物生理学、生化学、生物物理学、動植物病理学、生物統計学、そのほかの生物に関連した種々の学問分野と密接な関係をもっている。 [井山審也] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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