A general term for anomalous phenomena found near a phase transition point. The phenomenon of photoluminescence accompanying the gas-liquid phase transition, the fluctuation of the density difference between the two phases accompanying the solid-liquid phase transition, and the anomalous increase in the magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic materials near the Curie point are all phenomena that are not seen in regions far enough away from the phase transition point. This is due to the abnormal increase in the fluctuation of the order parameter near the phase transition point. Although each critical phenomenon shows different characteristics depending on the material and the nature of the phase transition, it has been found that they have essential elements in common and have been successfully summarized in a universal form. One of the universal constants that appears in this is the critical exponent. Near the critical point, for example, when the magnetic susceptibility χ is given in the form χ∝( T - Tc ) - r , it is known that this constant r depends only on the distance and dimension of the interaction and is not dependent on the material. Tc is the Curie temperature. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
相転移点の近傍で見出される異常現象の総称。気相-液相転移に伴う蛋白光現象,固相-液相転移に伴う両相の密度差のゆらぎ,強磁性体の磁化率のキュリー点近傍における異常増加などはすべて相転移点から十分離れた領域ではみられない現象である。これは秩序変数のゆらぎが相転移点の近傍で異常に増大することに起因する。個々の臨界現象は物質により,また相転移の性質により異なった様相を示すが,共通な本質的要素をもつことを突止め,普遍的な形式でまとめることに成功している。このなかに現れる普遍的な定数の1つに臨界指数がある。臨界点の近くで,たとえば磁化率 χ が χ∝(T-Tc)-r という形で与えられると,この定数 r が相互作用の距離,次元のみに依存し,物質に依存しないことがわかっている。 Tc はキュリー温度である。
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