Lübeck - Lübeck (English spelling)

Japanese: リューベック - りゅーべっく(英語表記)Lübeck
Lübeck - Lübeck (English spelling)

A port and commercial city in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany. Population 213,400 (2000). Located near the mouth of the Trave River, which flows into the Baltic Sea. Since the Middle Ages, it has been Germany's gateway to the Baltic Sea, but this function weakened after the separation of the former East Germany after World War II. However, trade remains the economic foundation of the city today, importing timber, agricultural products, iron ore, and copper ore, and exporting coal, iron ore, salt, etc. Many trading companies related to these industries are located here. Industry began in the 19th century, with the refining of iron and copper, and the manufacture of machinery and food. Reflecting its history as the leader of the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages and known as the "Queen of the Hanse," many historical buildings remain, especially in the old town, where the seven towers of the church stand tall. The area around the Markt (Market) Square features St. Mary's Church (13th-14th century), the Town Hall (13th century), the 15th century castle gate Holstentor, and many gabled houses, all typical of the North German Gothic style of brick construction. There are also many cultural facilities, such as historical and geographical associations, museums, and archives. The old townscape was registered as a World Heritage Site in 1987 as the "Hanseatic City of Lübeck" (World Cultural Heritage).

[Saito Mitsunori]

history

The city's origins date back to the Slavic settlement of Liubice. Count Adolf II of Holstein established a settlement here in 1143, but it was destroyed by fire in 1156. In 1158/59, Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony inherited the land and rebuilt the city. The original citizens were merchants and industrialists from Flanders, the lower Rhine, and Westphalia. The city law granted by Henry was later adopted by many other cities as the Lübeck City Law. After Henry's downfall, Lübeck received an autonomous charter from the emperor in 1188, and in 1226 it became a direct imperial city. In the following year, 1227, Lübeck defeated the Danish king who ruled Schleswig-Holstein in the Battle of Bornhöved, and became a powerful political leader in Northern Europe.

Located at the point where the Baltic Sea and the North Sea are connected, Lübeck became the center of Baltic trade and the leader of the Hanseatic League that was formed there. Since 1358, it has been the site of the Hanseatic Congress. In 1368, Lübeck fought against Denmark again, occupied Copenhagen, and concluded the Peace of Stralsund (1370), which was the golden age of Lübeck. In 1397, it was directly connected to Hamburg by the Technitz Canal. In the second half of the 15th century, the Netherlands and England entered the Baltic Sea via direct passage through Zund (Ersund Strait), dealing a decisive blow to Lübeck's economic dominance. During the Reformation, the Protestant mayor Ullenwefer held real power, but he was defeated in a battle with Denmark and fell from power, and at the same time Lübeck's political hegemony was lost. After that, it maintained its status as a free city, but in 1937, the Nazis took away its freedom. It is now a regional city.

[Yoshio Sehara]

Lübeck city
The western part of the old town on an island in the Trave River. The Holsten Gate (15th century), a castle gate with two brick towers, boasts its majestic appearance as the symbol of the town. World Heritage Site "Hanseatic City of Lübeck" (Germany, registered in 1987) Germany Lübeck ©Shogakukan ">

Lübeck city


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツ北部、シュレスウィヒ・ホルシュタイン州の港湾・商工業都市。人口21万3400(2000)。バルト海に注ぐトラーフェ川の河口近くに位置する。中世以来、ドイツのバルト海への窓口であったが、第二次世界大戦後は旧東ドイツが分離したためその機能は弱まった。しかし貿易は今日も市の経済的基盤であり、木材、農産物、鉄鉱石、銅鉱石を輸入し、石炭、鉄鉱石、塩などを輸出する。その関連業種である貿易商社が多く立地する。工業は19世紀におこり、鉄や銅の精錬、機械、食品などの製造が行われる。中世にハンザ同盟の盟主として「ハンザの女王」とよばれた歴史を反映し、教会の七つの塔がそそり立つ旧市街を中心に歴史的建造物が多く残る。マルクト(市場)広場周辺には聖マリア教会(13~14世紀)、市庁舎(13世紀)、15世紀の城門ホルステン門、妻入の民家などが多く、れんが造の北ドイツ・ゴシック様式の典型がみられる。歴史や地理の協会、博物館、資料館など、文化施設も多い。その古い町並みは1987年「ハンザ同盟都市リューベック」として世界遺産の文化遺産に登録されている(世界文化遺産)。

[齋藤光格]

歴史

市の起源は、スラブ人の集落リウビケLiubiceにさかのぼる。この地に1143年ホルシュタイン伯アドルフ2世が都市集落を設けたが、1156年大火で焼失し、1158/59年ザクセン公ハインリヒ獅子(しし)公がこの地を譲り受け、改めて都市を建設した。当初の市民はフランドル、ライン川下流、ウェストファーレンから誘致された商工業者であった。ハインリヒが賦与した都市法は、リューベック都市法としてのち多くの都市で採用された。ハインリヒの失脚後、リューベックは1188年皇帝より自治特許状を受け、1226年には帝国直属都市となった。翌27年、リューベック市はシュレスウィヒ・ホルシュタインを支配するデンマーク王をボルンヘーフェトの戦いで撃破し、北欧における有力な政治的指導都市となる。

 バルト海と北海を連結する地点に位置するところから、バルト海貿易の集中点となり、そこで結成されたハンザ同盟の盟主となった。1358年以来ハンザ会議の開催地となる。1368年ふたたびデンマークと戦い、コペンハーゲンを占領し、シュトラルズントの平和(1370)を結んだときが、リューベックの全盛期である。1397年にはシュテクニッツ運河によってハンブルクと直結された。15世紀後半になると、オランダ、イギリスがズント(エアスン海峡)直航でバルト海に入ってきて、リューベックの経済的優位に決定的な打撃を与えた。宗教改革時には、新教派の市長ウッレンウェーファーが実権を握ったが、デンマークとの戦いに敗れて失脚し、同時にリューベックの政治的覇権も失われた。以後、自由都市の地位を維持したが、1937年ナチスに自由を奪われた。現在は一地方都市となっている。

[瀬原義生]

リューベック市街
トラーフェ川の中州にある旧市街、西側の一画。れんが造の二つの塔をもつ城門ホルステン門(15世紀)が、町のシンボルとしてその威容を誇っている。世界文化遺産「ハンザ同盟都市リューベック」(ドイツ・1987年登録) ドイツ リューベック©Shogakukan">

リューベック市街


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