The word "study abroad" was used in Japan from an early period, as can be seen in the "Shoku Nihongi" (volume 33), which was compiled in the early Heian period, which states, "He accompanied the envoy of Kibi no Makibi to China and studied abroad to learn." Study abroad literally means "to stay and learn," and today it refers to staying abroad for a relatively long period of time in order to absorb foreign scholarship, art, technology, systems, etc., and to study or conduct research at educational institutions such as universities or research institutes. In terms of their purpose, study abroad can be broadly divided into two types: traditional types that absorb advanced cultures, and types that focus on area studies and understand different cultures. The former is when developing countries send their young elites overseas to absorb the excellent cultures of developed countries. In contrast, the latter, regardless of whether the country is developed or developing, aims to contribute to understanding different cultures by conducting in-depth research into the language, arts, social systems, etc. of a specific country or region. In today's age of globalization, study abroad for the purpose of understanding different cultures is becoming more and more popular, along with traditional types that absorb advanced cultures. [Yutaka Okihara and Akira Ninomiya] historyThe history of Japanese study abroad can be traced back to 607 (the 15th year of the reign of Empress Suiko), when Prince Shotoku dispatched Ono no Imoko as a Japanese envoy to the Sui dynasty. The first Japanese envoy to the Tang dynasty was sent in 630 (the 2nd year of the reign of Emperor Jomei), and for the next 300 years or so, exchanges with China were active. Many monks and students accompanied the Japanese envoys to the Sui and Tang dynasties, who learned about the advanced systems and cultural artifacts of the Sui and Tang dynasties, making a great contribution to the development of Japanese culture. However, in 894 (Kanpei 6), at the suggestion of Sugawara no Michizane, who was appointed as a Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty, the dispatch of Japanese envoys to the Tang Dynasty was abolished, and exchanges with China were also halted, and the path to studying abroad was also closed off with the thorough implementation of the national isolation policy during the Edo period. After this long hiatus, at the end of the Edo period, the shogunate and various feudal domains resumed sending students abroad, albeit in small numbers, and Nishi Shusuke (Amane), Ito Shunsuke (Hirobumi), Mori Kanenojo (Arinori), and Takahashi Korekiyo among others went to study in Europe and the United States. After the Meiji Restoration, a policy of modernization was implemented to catch up with the advanced countries of Europe and America, and the Meiji government actively sent students abroad. Among these students were Kikuchi Dairoku, Saionji Kinmochi, Tsuda Umeko, and Togo Heihachiro, who took on leadership roles in various fields after returning home and promoted the modernization of Japan. Initially, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was in charge of students studying abroad, but after the promulgation of the "Education System" in 1872 (Meiji 5), it came under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education. The following year, in 1873, the Ministry of Education established the "Regulations for Overseas Students," and under this system, over 3,000 students traveled abroad up until the Showa era. However, with the outbreak of World War II, these studies had to be discontinued. After World War II, in 1949, study abroad in the United States was resumed through the U.S. government's GARIOA and EROA funds. Subsequently, scholarship programs (Ikuei systems) offered by foreign governments, various funds offered by private organizations, the Ministry of Education (now the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) student exchange program, and privately funded study abroad programs became popular, and the number of international students is increasing every year. [Yutaka Okihara and Akira Ninomiya] Japanese students studying abroad, etc.According to statistics from 1996, the number of Japanese people studying abroad was 4,481 for overseas study (over three months) and 34,110 for training (less than three months). The overwhelming majority of study abroad destinations were English-speaking countries such as the United States, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and Canada, accounting for approximately 80% of the total. There are several ways to study abroad, including Japanese government scholarships, foreign government scholarships, scholarships from private organizations, and self-financed studies, but the most common method of studying abroad is self-financed. [Yutaka Okihara and Akira Ninomiya] Studying abroad with a Japanese government scholarshipThe Japanese government (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) has two systems for sending Japanese students abroad: the "School of Dispatch of Students to Asian Countries" and the "Short-Term Study Abroad Promotion System." The former is a system for sending graduate students and others to study in Asian countries for two years (17 students per year). The Short-Term Study Abroad Promotion System is a system for sending around 250 undergraduate or graduate students per year, and in order to support mutual exchange among students, students are sent to overseas universities for one year based on student exchange agreements between universities. After selection within the university, students are recommended to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and when they study abroad, round-trip airfare and living expenses are provided as a scholarship. Furthermore, many universities have signed agreements with universities overseas, sending students to study English for one to three months in courses that focus on English language learning, and have developed language training programs in which the credits earned are recognized as university credits, in an effort to develop human resources suited to the age of globalization. [Yutaka Okihara and Akira Ninomiya] Study Abroad with Foreign Government ScholarshipsThere are many programs that allow students to study abroad through scholarships from foreign governments, including the Fulbright Scholarship from the United States, the British Council Scholarship from the United Kingdom, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Scholarship from Germany, and the French Government Scholarship. [Yutaka Okihara and Akira Ninomiya] Study Abroad with Private Organization ScholarshipsEvery year, 300 to 350 people study abroad on scholarships from private organizations. Major private organizations that offer scholarships include the Rotary International Foundation and the Japan Foundation for International Cultural and Educational Exchange, which send university and graduate students to study abroad around the world; the Sankei Scholarship, which sends university, junior college, and technical college students to study in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France; and the American Field Service (AFS), a non-profit international educational exchange organization with its international headquarters in New York. AFS is a program for high school students to study abroad and accept students to study in Japan. In Japan, it is promoted by the AFS Japan Association. AFS sends Japanese high school students to countries around the world for one month to one year, fostering their international understanding through homestays with ordinary families and trial enrollment in local high schools, and aims to promote mutual understanding between Japan and other countries. [Yutaka Okihara and Akira Ninomiya] Accepting international studentsThe first foreign students to study in Japan were Korean students (114 people) who came in 1895 (Meiji 28). After that, as Japan's international status improved after the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars, the number of Chinese students gradually increased, and it is said that the number reached about 10,000 by 1906 (Meiji 39). However, due to the impact of the Second Sino-Japanese War and other events, the number of foreign students gradually decreased. After the end of World War II, the government-sponsored foreign student system was established in 1954 (Showa 29), and the program to invite foreign students from all over the world was restarted. Since then, the Japanese government implemented measures to invite many foreign students, which was one of the reasons for the increase in the number of foreign students every year, exceeding 10,000 for the first time in 1983. After that, it exceeded 20,000 in 1987, 30,000 in 1989, 40,000 in 1990, and 50,000 in 1992 (Heisei 4). The background to this rapid increase in the number of foreign students is the "Plan to Accept 100,000 Foreign Students" formulated under the Nakasone Yasuhiro Cabinet in 1983, which aimed to accept more than 100,000 foreign students at Japanese universities and other institutions by the beginning of the 21st century, and the strong promotion of foreign student policies. However, after that, due to the impact of the Asian financial and economic crisis, a change in the number of foreign students occurred, with foreign students from Asian countries such as Korea and China returning home, and the Hashimoto Ryutaro Cabinet took measures such as providing one-time financial support to foreign students from Asia. However, this did not stop the rapid decline in the number of international students, and for the first time in the history of international student statistics, the growth in numbers began to slow, and the number entered a further period of decline. The number of international students, which reached 53,847 in 1995, dropped to 52,021 the following year in 1996, and further to 51,047 in 1997. However, as the Asian economic crisis was overcome, the number of international students began to increase again in 1998, recovering to 51,298. In response to the 1999 recommendation of the International Student Policy Council, "Aiming to develop intellectual international contributions and develop a new international student policy - International student policy for the post-2000 era," the Ministry of Education decided to re-establish its strategy for the 100,000 international students plan by implementing further policies to accept international students. According to the 1999 (Heisei 11) statistics, the number of international students was 55,755, with their countries and regions of origin being China (46.5%), South Korea (21.3%), Taiwan (7.3%), Malaysia (3.6%), Indonesia (2.2%), Thailand (2%), the United States (1.9%), Bangladesh (1.5%), Vietnam (1%), the Philippines (0.9%) and others (11.8%), with students from Asia accounting for approximately 90% of the total (the number of Chinese students includes Hong Kong). Most of the international students were self-financed, with only 8,323 being government-sponsored students. The following systems are available for accepting international students: [Yutaka Okihara and Akira Ninomiya] Government Scholarship Program for International StudentsBased on the Government Scholarship Scheme, scholarships are awarded to international students by the Japanese government (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology). Through this scheme, a total of approximately 99,000 international students from approximately 130 countries and regions were accepted between 1978 (Showa 53) and the end of the 1999 academic year. Government scholarship students are broadly divided into the following categories: (1) Research Students: These students are intended for those who have graduated from a university in their home country and are to receive research guidance in a specialized field at a graduate school or other institution in Japan for a period of up to two years, including the period of preparatory Japanese language training. (The period of scholarship payment will be extended if the student enrolls in a graduate school.) (2) Undergraduate students: These students are mainly high school graduates from developing countries in Southeast Asia and Central and South America, and receive education at a Japanese university undergraduate program for five years, including preparatory Japanese language training. The selection process involves tests on not only Japanese language but also other subjects (world history, English, mathematics, etc.). After arriving in Japan, students receive one year of preparatory training at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies or Osaka University of Foreign Studies, and then prepare for the entrance exams of each university. (3) Japanese Language and Culture Training Students: These students are primarily enrolled in undergraduate programs at foreign universities and are taking Japanese language and culture courses. They receive instruction at a Japanese university or other institution for one year to deepen their Japanese language proficiency and understanding of Japanese affairs and culture (acceptance began in 1979). (4) Teacher Training Students: These programs are aimed at currently serving primary and secondary school teachers, teachers at teacher training institutions, and educational administrators from developing countries, and receive instruction in specialized subjects such as teaching methods, subject teaching, and school management at Japanese teacher training universities or other institutions for up to one and a half years (the program began in 1980). (5) Technical college students These are mainly high school graduates from Asian countries who transfer to a Japanese technical college in their third year to receive education, which lasts three and a half years including Japanese language education (acceptance began in 1982). Many international students who graduate from technical colleges continue their studies by transferring to a university's engineering department in their third year. Many also apply to this program after graduating from a university undergraduate program in their home country. (6) Vocational School Students These programs are aimed primarily at high school graduates from the Asia-Pacific region, and provide education in specialized courses at vocational schools in Japan for two and a half years, including Japanese language instruction (acceptance began in 1982). The treatment of these government-sponsored international students has improved year by year, and the scholarship system is now comparable to that of other countries (in the 2000 academic year, research students received 185,500 yen per month, and undergraduate students received 142,500 yen per month). In addition, round-trip travel expenses, a lump-sum allowance for travel to Japan, research travel expenses, accommodation subsidies, and medical expenses subsidies are also provided. [Yutaka Okihara and Akira Ninomiya] Privately funded international studentsIn 1999, there were 45,439 privately funded (self-sponsored) students, and 1,542 government-sponsored privately funded students. Government-sponsored students are students sent by the government of a foreign country for the purpose of human resource development, but are technically included in the privately funded students. Currently, government-sponsored students are from China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Uzbekistan. Malaysia used to send many students to the UK, but due to the change in policy of the UK government, such as an increase in tuition fees for international students, it has changed its policy to send many students to Japan under the "Look East Policy." In addition, various Japanese organizations and foundations have expanded support for privately funded students, such as scholarships, and many privately funded students are benefiting from this. The main ones include the Rotary Yoneyama Memorial Foundation, the Tokyu Foreign Student Scholarship Foundation, the Foundation for International Cultural and Educational Exchange (currently the Keidanren Foundation for International Cultural and Educational Exchange), the Sato International Scholarship Foundation, etc. In addition to these, there are many scholarships for privately funded international students provided by international exchange organizations that are affiliated with each prefecture, and some universities also provide scholarships to international students through donations from their staff. Among the privately funded international students, there are some who are studying under the short-term study abroad promotion program implemented by the Japan Association for International Education (currently the Japan Student Services Organization (JASSO)). This program accepts students from foreign universities with which Japanese national or private universities have an agreement as exchange students for a period of six months to one year while remaining enrolled at the overseas university. When accepting students, travel expenses (airfare), scholarships (80,000 yen per month) and a lump sum to Japan (25,000 yen) are provided, and nearly 2,000 international students are invited annually under this program. Japanese universities have used this scholarship program to conclude student exchange agreements with overseas universities, with the main pillars being mutual collection of tuition fees and a credit transfer system, and are actively promoting mutual exchange of students. Mutual collection of tuition fees is a system in which tuition fees are waived at the host university, but tuition fees are paid to the university of their home. As of 1997, there were 4,946 exchange agreements concluded between Japanese universities. Meanwhile, since the voluntary organization, University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific (UMAP), was founded in 1991 with the aim of promoting exchanges of students, educators, and researchers between universities in the Asia-Pacific region, a new method of credit transfer has been developed and more efficient student exchanges are being made possible. UMAP has 29 member countries, and its international office is located in Japan. In addition, as one of the projects of the Japan International Education Association, a "study incentive scholarship" (for students with excellent academic records but living in poverty) has been provided since 1998, enabling many privately funded international students to concentrate on their studies. The amount is 49,000 yen per month for undergraduate students and 70,000 yen for graduate students, and is paid to approximately 9,600 students per year (as of 2000). Since privately funded international students have to pay for their own tuition, they inevitably have to work part-time, but previously they were restricted to four hours a day, meaning they could not work long hours on Saturdays or Sundays. However, under the guidance of the Immigration Bureau (now the Immigration Services Agency), this has since been made more flexible, allowing them to work up to 28 hours a week, although of course they are not allowed to work in the sex industry. In addition, international students who have graduated or completed a Japanese university can now stay in Japan for up to two years to receive further training at a company or other institution and work there. The employment issue for international students was once a social problem, with the employment of students studying at Japanese language schools, where they also prepare for university entrance exams, but it can be said that the situation is gradually improving overall. In any case, it is noteworthy that these support measures and more flexible policies for self-financed international students who are in financial difficulty have meant that nearly 60% of self-financed international students receive some form of financial support, and that most international students are able to obtain the funds necessary for their studies in Japan. In this respect, Japan's policy on international students is very distinctive, even compared to the United States, where international students are not permitted to work. If you study in Japan, you can apply for these various scholarships after one year, and a system is being put in place that allows international students to study with peace of mind. [Yutaka Okihara and Akira Ninomiya] assignmentThe modern study abroad culture in Japan, which has been centered on Europe and America since the end of Asia and Europe, has not changed even today. Furthermore, as internationalization and globalization progresses, the role of English is increasing, and the number of people hoping to study abroad in English-speaking countries is also increasing. This trend is also seen in EU countries that are promoting student exchange through the Erasmus Programme (The European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students, or ERASMUS). One of the challenges for Japan's study abroad program is how to increase the number of students going to the Asia-Pacific region, while keeping in mind that over 80% of students choose Europe or America as their study destination. Nurturing many Japanese people who can understand Asia is an extremely important task for the future of Japan. Moreover, with over 90% of international students visiting Japan coming from Asia, how to promote the acceptance of international students from countries outside Asia is also an issue. Furthermore, with the "Plan to Accept 100,000 International Students" as a backdrop, various measures will be implemented to double the number of international students, and Japanese universities will need to recognize how important accepting international students is to university education and research, and put in place a proactive system to accept international students. To be a university that is recognized in the international community and trusted around the world, it is necessary for universities to be recognized as universities where many international students from all over the world study. The acceptance of international students is also one of the important indicators in university evaluations. The aforementioned recommendation by the Foreign Student Policy Council, "Towards the development of intellectual international contributions and the development of a new foreign student policy - Foreign student policy for the post-2000 era" (1999), states that the following measures are necessary to realize the "Plan to accept 100,000 foreign students." (1) In order to strengthen the international competitiveness of universities, (a) develop and disseminate attractive educational programs, (b) take into consideration the disabilities of international students, (c) improve the university's acceptance system and self-evaluation, etc. (2) Establishing a system for international students that is open to the world. (3) Develop policies in cooperation with the public and private sectors to improve support for international students. The recommendations of the International Student Policy Council position studying abroad as an "intellectual international contribution," and go one step further than the perspective of "accepting international students" to the perspective of "attracting international students." With the cooperation of the local community, universities must raise the standard of their own education and research, build an educational system that can seriously respond to the needs of international students, and think about creating universities that will attract many excellent international students from around the world to study. For universities to survive in the 21st century, they must establish a strategy and spirit for how they will respond to the needs of not only Japanese students but also international students. [Akira Ninomiya] "Japan's International Students," by Omura Kikichi (1967, Hayakawa Publishing)" ▽ "Asian International Students and Japan," by Nagai Michio et al. (1973, NHK Publishing)" ▽ "International Academic Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Education, edited and published, "International Student Policies for the 21st Century" (1986)" ▽ "Study Abroad in the World," edited by Gondo Yoshio (1991, Toshin-do)" ▽ "Study Abroad in the United States Yearbook 96-97," edited by ICS International Culture and Education Center (1995, Sanshusha)" ▽ "Study Abroad in France," edited by ICS International Culture and Education Center (1995, Sanshusha)" ▽ "Mainichi Study Abroad Yearbook," edited and published by Mainichi Communications ▽ "Study Abroad Policy Discussion Group, edited and published, "Toward the Development of Intellectual International Contributions and the Development of New Student Policies: Student Policies for the Post-2000 Era" (1999)" ▽ "The History of Overseas Study in Modern Japan," by Ishitsuki Minoru (Chuko Bunko) [Reference items] | | | | Dynasty | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
平安初期に編集された『続日本紀(しょくにほんぎ)』(巻33)に、「吉備真備(きびのまきび)使いに従いて唐に入り、留学して業を受く」という一文がみられるように、日本では早くから留学ということばが用いられている。留学とは、文字どおり「留(とど)まり学ぶ」ことであり、現在では外国の学問・芸術・技術・制度などを摂取するために、比較的長期間にわたって外国に在留し、大学等の教育機関や研究所で勉学または研究することをいう。 留学は、その目的からみると、伝統的な先進文化吸収型と、地域研究を主とする異文化理解型とに大別できる。前者は、開発途上国が若いエリートを海外へ派遣し、先進諸国の優れた文化を吸収することを目的とするものである。これに対し、後者は、先進国と開発途上国とを問わず、特定の国や地域の言語・芸術・社会制度などを深く研究し、異文化の理解に資することを目的としている。国際化時代を迎えた今日においては、伝統的な先進文化吸収型とともに、異文化理解型の留学も盛んになっている。 [沖原 豊・二宮 皓] 歴史日本の海外留学の歴史は、607年(推古天皇15)に聖徳太子が小野妹子(いもこ)を遣隋使(けんずいし)として派遣した当時にさかのぼることができる。ついで630年(舒明天皇2)に第一次遣唐使が送られ、爾来(じらい)約300年間中国との交流が盛んに行われた。遣隋使・遣唐使には多くの留学僧や留学生が同行し、隋や唐の進んだ制度・文物を学び、日本の文化の発展に大きな貢献をなした。 しかし、894年(寛平6)遣唐使に任ぜられた菅原道真(すがわらのみちざね)の進言により遣唐使の派遣が廃止されるに及んで、中国との交流も中止され、さらに江戸時代の鎖国政策の徹底に伴って留学の道も閉ざされてしまった。こうした長い空白ののち、幕末に至って、少人数ではあるが、幕府や諸藩による留学生の派遣が再開され、西周助(周(あまね))、伊藤俊輔(しゅんすけ)(博文(ひろぶみ))、森金之丞(有礼(ありのり))、高橋是清(これきよ)らが欧米諸国へ留学した。 明治維新後は、欧米の先進諸国に追い付くために文明開化政策がとられ、明治政府により、積極的に留学生の派遣が行われた。これらの留学生のなかには菊池大麓(だいろく)、西園寺公望(さいおんじきんもち)、津田梅子、東郷平八郎らがおり、帰国後、各分野で指導的立場につき、日本の近代化を推し進めた。海外留学生の管轄は、当初は外務省が行っていたが、1872年(明治5)の「学制」発布後は文部省の所管となった。さらに文部省は翌1873年に「海外留学生規則」を定め、この制度により、昭和に至るまで3000人を超える留学生が海外へ渡航した。しかし、第二次世界大戦の勃発(ぼっぱつ)とともに、こうした留学も中止のやむなきに至った。 第二次世界大戦後、1949年(昭和24)に、アメリカ政府のガリオア・エロア基金によりアメリカ留学が再開され、引き続いて、外国政府による奨学金制度(育英制度)、民間団体による各種基金、文部省(現、文部科学省)の学生交流制度、私費などによる留学が盛んに行われるようになり、留学生数も毎年増加している。 [沖原 豊・二宮 皓] 日本人学生の海外留学等日本人が海外へ留学する数は、1996年(平成8)の統計によると、留学(3か月以上)が4481人、研修(3か月未満)が3万4110人となっている。留学先は、アメリカ、オーストラリア、ニュージーランド、イギリス、カナダなど英語圏が圧倒的に多く、全体のおよそ80%を占める。 留学の方法としては、日本政府奨学金によるもの、外国政府奨学金によるもの、民間団体奨学金によるもの、私費によるものがあるが、海外への留学としては私費によるものがもっとも多い。 [沖原 豊・二宮 皓] 日本政府奨学金による留学日本政府(文部科学省)による日本人学生の海外派遣制度としては、「アジア諸国等派遣留学生制度」および「短期留学推進制度」がある。前者は大学院学生等をアジア諸国に2年間留学させる制度(年間17人)である。短期留学推進制度は、学部または大学院学生を年間250人程度派遣する制度であり、学生の相互交流を支援するために、大学間の学生交流協定に基づき1年間海外の大学に学生を派遣する。大学内での選考ののち文部科学省に推薦、留学の際には往復の航空券と滞在費が奨学金として支給される。 また多くの大学にあっては、海外の大学と協定を締結し、1か月から3か月程度の英語学習を中心とするコースに学生を派遣し、取得した単位を大学の単位として認定する語学研修留学プログラムを開発し、国際化時代に即した人材の育成に努力している。 [沖原 豊・二宮 皓] 外国政府奨学金による留学外国政府の奨学金により海外に留学するプログラムも少なくない。主要なものとして、アメリカのフルブライト奨学金、イギリスのブリティッシュ・カウンシル奨学金、ドイツのドイツ学術交流会(DAAD)奨学金、フランスの政府奨学金などがある。 [沖原 豊・二宮 皓] 民間団体奨学金による留学民間団体の奨学金を得て海外留学する者は、毎年300~350人に上る。奨学金を授与するおもな民間団体としては、大学・大学院の学生を世界各国へ留学させる国際ロータリー財団ならびに国際文化教育交流財団や、大学・短期大学・高等専門学校の学生をアメリカ、イギリス、ドイツ、フランスへ留学させるサンケイ・スカラシップ、ニューヨークに国際本部を置く非営利の国際教育交流機関アメリカン・フィールド・サービス(AFS)などがある。AFSは高校生を対象に海外への留学および日本への留学生の受け入れを行うプログラムであり、日本では財団法人エイ・エフ・エス日本協会によって推進されている。AFSは日本人高校生を世界各国に1か月から1年派遣し、一般家庭でのホームステイや現地の高校への体験入学などを通じて生徒の国際理解を育て、日本と諸外国の相互理解を促進することを目的とする。 [沖原 豊・二宮 皓] 外国人留学生の受け入れ外国人の日本留学は、1895年(明治28)に渡来した朝鮮留学生(114人)が最初であった。その後、日清(にっしん)・日露戦争後の日本の国際的地位の向上に伴って、中国人留学生が漸増し、1906年(明治39)にはその数が約1万人に達したといわれている。しかし、日中戦争などの影響により、外国人留学生はしだいに減少した。 やがて第二次世界大戦が終わり、1954年度(昭和29)から国費外国人留学生制度が設けられ、世界各国からの留学生招致事業が再開されることとなった。以降、日本政府は多くの留学生を招聘(しょうへい)すべき施策を講じ、それが一因ともなって留学生数は毎年増加し、1983年に初めて1万人を超えた。その後、1987年に2万人、1989年に3万人、さらに1990年に4万人を超え、1992年(平成4)には5万人を超えた。こうした急激な留学生数の増大の背景には、1983年中曽根康弘(なかそねやすひろ)内閣の下に、21世紀初頭までに日本の大学等で10万人以上の留学生を受け入れるという「留学生受入れ10万人計画」が策定され、留学生政策が強力に推進されたことにもよる。しかしその後、アジアの金融・経済危機などの影響により、韓国や中国などアジア諸国からの留学生が帰国するなど留学生異変が起こり、橋本龍太郎内閣はアジアの留学生に一時金を支援するなどの施策を講じた。それでも留学生の急激な減少を食い止めることができず、留学生の統計史上初めてその数の伸びに陰りがみえ、さらに減少期を迎えることとなった。1995年に5万3847人を数えた留学生は、翌1996年には5万2021人、さらに1997年には5万1047人へと減少した。しかしアジアの経済危機も克服されるにつれ、1998年にはふたたび留学生数も増加傾向に転じ、5万1298人まで回復した。文部省は1999年の留学生政策懇談会の提言「知的国際貢献の発展と新たな留学生政策の展開を目指して――ポスト2000年の留学生政策」を受けて、さらなる留学生受け入れ政策を展開することで、改めて留学生10万人計画の戦略を立て直すこととなった。 1999年(平成11)の留学生統計によると、外国人留学生の数は5万5755人で、その出身国・地域は、中国(46.5%)、韓国(21.3%)、台湾(7.3%)、マレーシア(3.6%)、インドネシア(2.2%)、タイ(2%)、アメリカ合衆国(1.9%)、バングラデシュ(1.5%)、ベトナム(1%)、フィリピン(0.9%)、その他(11.8%)となっており、アジアからの留学生が全体の約90%を占めている(中国の留学生数は香港を含む)。留学生の多くは私費留学生であり、国費留学生はわずか8323人である。 外国人留学生を受け入れる制度としては、次のようなものがある。 [沖原 豊・二宮 皓] 国費外国人留学生制度国費外国人留学生制度に基づき、外国人留学生に対して日本政府(文部科学省)奨学金が授与されている。この制度によって、1978年(昭和53)から1999年度末までにおよそ130の国・地域から合計約9万9000人の留学生を受け入れている。国費外国人留学生は、次のように大別される。 (1)研究留学生 各国の大学卒業以上の者を対象とし、日本の大学院等で専門分野の研究指導を受けるものであり、期間は日本語の予備教育期間を含めて2年間以内である(大学院に入学すれば奨学金の支給期間は延長される)。 (2)学部留学生 主として東南アジアや中南米の開発途上国の高等学校卒業程度の者を対象とし、日本の大学学部において教育を受けるものであり、期間は日本語予備教育を含めて5年間である。選考では日本語のみならず、教科(世界史、英語、数学など)の試験を受ける。来日後は東京外国語大学、大阪外国語大学で1年間の予備教育を受け、各大学の入学試験の準備をする。 (3)日本語・日本文化研修留学生 主として外国の大学の学部在籍者で、日本語・日本文化を履習中の者を対象とし、1年間日本の大学等で日本語能力および日本事情・日本文化の理解を深める指導を受けるものである(1979年から受け入れ開始)。 (4)教員研修留学生 開発途上国の現職の初等・中等学校教員および教員養成機関の教員や教育行政官等を対象とし、1年半以内、日本の教員養成大学等で教育方法、教科教育、学校経営などの専門科目に関する指導を受けるものである(1980年から受け入れ開始)。 (5)高等専門学校留学生 主としてアジア諸国の高等学校卒業程度の者で、日本の高等専門学校の3年次に編入学して教育を受けるもので、期間は日本語教育を含め3年半である(1982年から受け入れ開始)。高等専門学校を卒業した留学生は、さらに大学の工学部の3年次編入学をすることで勉学を継続する者が少なくない。また、本国において大学の学部を卒業してこのプログラムに応募する者も多い。 (6)専修学校留学生 主としてアジア・太平洋地域の高等学校卒業程度の者を対象とし、日本の専修学校の専門課程で教育を受けるもので、期間は日本語教育を含め2年半である(1982年から受け入れ開始)。 これら国費外国人留学生の待遇は年々改善され、諸外国と比較しても遜色(そんしょく)のない奨学金制度となっている(2000年度、研究留学生で月額18万5500円、学部留学生で14万2500円支給)。さらに往復渡航旅費、渡日一時金、研究旅費、宿舎補助金、医療費補助も与えられている。 [沖原 豊・二宮 皓] 私費外国人留学生私費(自費)による留学生は、1999年(平成11)で4万5439人、外国政府派遣による私費留学生が1542人となっている。外国政府派遣留学生は諸外国が人材育成を目的として、当該政府の経費負担により派遣される留学生であるが、事務上は私費留学生に含まれる。現在では、中国、マレーシア、インドネシア、タイ、シンガポール、アラブ首長国連邦、クウェートおよびウズベキスタンから政府派遣留学生を受け入れている。マレーシアは従来イギリスに多くの留学生を派遣してきたが、留学生に対する授業料の増額などイギリス政府の政策転換の影響もあり、「ルック・イースト政策」(東方重視政策)の下に日本に多くの留学生を派遣するという方針転換がなされている。また、私費留学生に対する日本の各種団体・財団による奨学金などの支援が拡充され、多くの私費留学生がその恩恵にあずかっている。おもなものとして、ロータリー米山(よねやま)記念奨学会、とうきゅう外来留学生奨学財団、国際文化教育交流財団(現、経団連国際文化教育交流財団)、サトー国際奨学財団などがあげられる。これらのほか、各都道府県の外郭団体である国際交流団体による私費留学生奨学金も少なくないし、大学にあっても職員の寄付によって留学生に奨学金を支給する活動を行っている学校もある。 私費留学生のなかには財団法人日本国際教育協会(現、学生支援機構(JASSO(ジャッソ)))が実施している短期留学推進制度による留学生も含まれている。この制度は日本の国公私立大学が協定を締結している外国大学の在籍学生を、海外の大学に在籍させたまま、おおむね6か月以上1年以内交換留学生として受け入れるものである。受け入れにあたっては、渡航費(航空券)、奨学金(月額8万円)および渡日一時金(2万5000円)が支給され、年間2000人近い留学生がこの事業で招聘されている。日本の大学はこの奨学金制度を利用して、海外の大学と授業料の相互徴収や単位互換制度などを柱とする学生交流協定を締結し、学生の相互交流を積極的に行っている。授業料の相互徴収とは、留学先の大学の授業料は免除されるが、それぞれ在籍する大学には授業料を納める制度である。1997年(平成9)でみると日本の大学が締結している交流協定数は4946件である。一方、アジア・太平洋地域の大学間における学生・教育者・研究者の交流促進を目的とした任意団体アジア太平洋大学交流機構University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific(UMAP)が1991年(平成3)に組織されて以降、単位互換の新たな方式が開発され、より効率的な学生交流が行われつつある。UMAPは加盟国29か国、国際事務局は日本に設置されている。 また、日本国際教育協会の事業の一つとして1998年(平成10)から「学習奨励費」(学業成績優秀で生活困窮の者が対象)が支給されるようになり、多くの私費留学生が勉学に専心できるようになった。その額は学部生で月額4万9000円、大学院生で7万円、年間およそ9600人に支給されている(2000年時点)。 私費留学生は学費を自弁しなくてはならないため、必然的にアルバイトをすることになるが、従来は1日4時間以内という規制があったため、土曜日や日曜日に長時間就労することができなかった。しかしその後、入国管理局(現、出入国在留管理庁)の指導で、週に28時間までは就労することが許されるようになり弾力化が図られてきたが、もちろん風俗営業等の就労は認められていない。また日本の大学を卒業・修了した留学生がさらに企業等での研修のため、日本に2年間まで在留して働くことができるようになった。留学生の就労問題は、大学受験の準備も行う日本語学校で学ぶ就学生の就労が社会問題化したことがあるが、全体的にはしだいに改善されつつあるといえよう。 いずれにしても、経済的な困難を抱える私費留学生に対するこれら支援や施策の弾力化によって、60%近くの私費留学生がなんらかの財政支援を受けたり、ほとんどの留学生が勉学の経費を日本で得ることが可能となったことは注目に値する。留学生の就労が認められていないアメリカと比較しても、日本の留学生政策はこの点でたいへん大きな特色をもつものといえる。日本に留学した場合、1年を経ればこうした各種奨学金の申請が可能であり、留学生が安心して勉学に励むことができるシステムが整いつつある。 [沖原 豊・二宮 皓] 課題脱亜入欧以来の近代における留学にみられる、欧米を中心とした日本の留学文化は今日でも変化していない。さらに国際化・グローバル化が進むなかで、英語の果たす役割が多くなるとともに、ますます英語圏への留学を希望するものが増大しているのも事実である。エラスムス計画(The Europian Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Student=ERASMUS)による留学生交流を推進しているEU諸国にあってもこの傾向は同様である。日本の留学生派遣の課題の一つは、80%以上もの留学生が欧米を留学先に選ぶという事実を踏まえながら、いかにしてアジア・太平洋地域への留学生派遣を増やすかにある。アジアを理解できる日本人を多く育成することは、今後の日本の将来にとってきわめて重要な課題である。 また、日本を訪れる留学生の90%以上がアジアからの留学生であることから、アジア以外の諸国からの留学生の受け入れをどのように促進するかも課題の一つとなっている。さらに「留学生受入れ10万人計画」を背景として、留学生数を倍増させるための各種の施策が実施されるとともに、留学生を受け入れることが大学の教育研究にとってどれほど重要であるかを日本の大学が認識し、積極的な留学生受け入れ態勢を整備しなくてはならないであろう。国際社会に通用し、世界で信頼される大学であるためには、世界中からの多くの留学生が学ぶ大学であるという評価が必要である。大学評価においても留学生の受け入れは重要な指標の一つとなっている。 前述した留学生政策懇談会の提言「知的国際貢献の発展と新たな留学生政策の展開を目指して――ポスト2000年の留学生政策」(1999)は、「留学生受入れ10万人計画」の実現のためには、以下のような施策が必要であるとしている。 (1)大学の国際競争力の強化を図るため、(a)魅力ある教育プログラムの開発と普及、(b)留学生のハンディキャップ等への配慮、(c)受け入れ態勢の整備と自己評価の改善、などを行う。 (2)世界に開かれた留学生制度の構築。 (3)留学生支援の充実のため、官民一体となった施策を展開すること。 この留学生政策懇談会の提言は、留学を「知的国際貢献」と位置づけ、「留学生を受け入れる」という視座から一歩進めて「留学生を惹(ひ)きつける」という視点を提起している。大学は地域社会の協力を得ながら、自らの教育や研究の水準を高め、また留学生のニーズに真剣にこたえることのできる教育体制を構築し、世界から多くの優秀な留学生が学びにくるような大学づくりを考えなくてはならない。21世紀の大学が生き残るためには、日本人学生のみならず留学生のニーズにどのようにこたえるか、その戦略と精神を打ち立てなければならない。 [二宮 皓] 『大村喜吉著『日本の留学生』(1967・早川書房)』▽『永井道雄他著『アジア留学生と日本』(1973・日本放送出版協会)』▽『文部省学術国際局編・刊『21世紀への留学生政策』(1986)』▽『権藤與志夫編『世界の留学』(1991・東信堂)』▽『ICS国際文化教育センター編『アメリカ留学年鑑 96―97』(1995・三修社)』▽『ICS国際文化教育センター編『フランス留学』(1995・三修社)』▽『毎日コミュニケーションズ編・刊『毎日留学年鑑』』▽『留学生政策懇談会編・刊『知的国際貢献の発展と新たな留学生政策の展開を目指して――ポスト2000年の留学生政策』(1999)』▽『石附実著『近代日本の海外留学史』(中公文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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