Liebknecht, Karl

Japanese: リープクネヒト（英語表記）Liebknecht， Karl

Born: August 13, 1871 in Leipzig
Died January 15, 1919. Leader of the left socialist movement in Berlin, Germany. Son of W. Liebknecht. Studied law and was interested in the labor movement at an early age. Within the German Social Democratic Party, he belonged to the left wing, which opposed the rigid bureaucracy of the executive. In his activities in the Second International, he scathingly attacked socialists in various countries who supported the First World War, except for those in Russia and Serbia, and gained international recognition. He was elected to the Prussian Chamber of Deputies in 1908 and to the German Imperial Diet in 1912, and in 1913 exposed the corruption scandal between the government and Krupp. After the outbreak of World War I, he was expelled from the Social Democratic Party and, together with R. Luxemburg, formed the "Spartacus League" and engaged in anti-war activities, clashing with the central government, which supported the war. He was expelled from the Imperial Diet in 1916. He demonstrated against the imperialist war on May Day in the same year, and was sentenced to 49 months of forced labor, but was released in 1918 due to Germany's defeat. On November 9 of the same year, he proclaimed the establishment of the German Socialist Republic in Berlin. In order to oppose the right-wing Social Democratic cabinet led by F. Ebert, on January 1, 1919, he renamed the "Spartacist League" to the German Communist Party, and two weeks later started an uprising, but was arrested and killed along with R. Luxemburg. His main work was "Studies on the Laws of Motion of Social Development" (1922).

Liebknecht
Liebknecht, Wilhelm

Born: March 29, 1826 in Giessen
Died August 7, 1900. Leader of the socialist movement in Germany. Studied philosophy and linguistics at universities in Giessen and Berlin, and was expelled for his interest in socialism and Polish independence. Participated in the March Revolution of 1848, and after a stint in Switzerland, lived in London until 1862. During that time he was acquainted with and influenced by Marx. After returning to Germany, he was expelled from Prussia for his anti-Bismarck activities (1865) and lived in Leipzig. Worked hard on the socialist movement with A. Bebel. Member of the Prussian Sejm from 1867 to 1870, and founded the Social Democratic Workers' Party in Eisenach in 1869. During the Franco-Prussian War, he abstained from voting on the military budget, and opposed the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, for which he was imprisoned (1872-1874). In 1875, he ignored Marx's criticism and joined forces with the Lassalle faction in Gotha to form the German Socialist Workers' Party. He served in the Imperial German Diet from 1874 until his death. During this time, from 1878 to 1890, he led the movement against Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws, and got the law repealed. After the law was repealed (1990), he served as editor-in-chief of the German Social Democratic Party's central journal, En Marche, which had changed its name to a legal political party, and confronted the revisionists led by E. Bernstein. K. Liebknecht was his son.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1871.8.13. ライプチヒ
[没]1919.1.15. ベルリン
ドイツの左派社会主義運動の指導者。 W.リープクネヒトの子。法律を学び，早くから労働運動に興味をもった。ドイツ社会民主党内では執行部の硬直した官僚主義に反対する左派に属した。第2インターナショナルでの活動において，ロシアとセルビアの社会主義者を除いて，各国の社会主義者が第1次世界大戦遂行を支持したのに対して，それを痛烈に攻撃，国際的な声価を得た。 1908年プロシア下院議員，12年ドイツ帝国議会議員に選出され，13年には政府とクルップとの汚職事件を暴露した。第1次世界大戦の開戦後，社会民主党から追放され，R.ルクセンブルクとともに「スパルタクス団」を結成し，反戦活動に従事，戦争協力の中央と対立，16年帝国議会から追放された。同年のメーデーには帝国主義戦争反対のデモを行い，49ヵ月の強制労働の判決を受けたが，敗戦により 18年釈放された。同年 11月9日，ベルリンでドイツ社会主義共和国を宣言。社会民主党右派の F.エーベルトを中心とする内閣と対抗するため，19年1月1日「スパルタクス団」をドイツ共産党と改め，2週間後に蜂起したが，R.ルクセンブルクとともに逮捕され，殺された。主著『社会発展の運動法則の研究』 Studien über die Bewegungsgesetze der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung (1922) 。

リープクネヒト
Liebknecht， Wilhelm

[生]1826.3.29. ギーセン
[没]1900.8.7. ベルリン
ドイツの社会主義運動の指導者。ギーセン，ベルリンなどの大学で哲学，言語学を学び，社会主義，ポーランド独立に関心をもち放校された。 1848年の三月革命に参加，スイスを経て，62年までロンドンに亡命。その間マルクスと交際，影響を受けた。帰国後反ビスマルク運動でプロシアを追放され (1865) ，ライプチヒに居住。 A.ベーベルとともに社会主義運動に努力。 67～70年プロシア下院議員，69年アイゼナハで社会民主労働党を創立。普仏戦争では軍事予算採択に棄権，アルザス＝ロレーヌ併合に反対し投獄された (72～74) 。 75年ゴータでマルクスの批判を無視してラサール派と合同，ドイツ社会主義労働党を結成。 74年より死ぬまでドイツ帝国議会議員をつとめた。その間 78～90年ビスマルクの社会主義者鎮圧法に対する反対運動を指導し，同法を無効にさせた。同法廃止 (90) 後，合法政党として改名したドイツ社会民主党の中央機関誌『前進』の主筆をつとめ，E.ベルンシュタインらの修正主義派と対決した。 K.リープクネヒトは彼の息子。

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