Natural Monuments - Natural Monuments

Japanese: 天然記念物 - てんねんきねんぶつ
Natural Monuments - Natural Monuments

In a broad sense, it refers to nature and natural phenomena that are indispensable to understanding the nature of Japan, and in a narrow sense, it refers to animals, plants, geological minerals, etc. designated by the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. The law defines animals (including habitats, breeding grounds, and migration sites), plants (including native habitats), and geological minerals (including areas where unique natural phenomena occur) that are of high academic value to Japan as cultural properties, and designates such important ones as natural monuments based on the designation criteria. Among these, those that are of particularly high global or national value are designated as special natural monuments. In addition to the narrow natural monuments designated under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, legal natural monuments include prefecture and municipal designated natural monuments designated by local government ordinances. Natural monuments designated by local governments are usually not called natural monuments, but are displayed as "prefecture-designated natural monuments." The term "natural monument" was a translation of the German term Naturdenkmal at the end of the Meiji period, but at the time the word "nature" was not yet in common use, and the term "natural, natural law, and geology" was used, so this translation was born. The English translation is "natural monument," but in the United States, under the protection system, it is called a "national monument," and includes cultural monuments as well.

[Yoshiaki Shinada]

history

The term "natural monument" (the aforementioned German word Naturdenkmal) was first used by A. von Humboldt of Germany in 1800 when he traveled to South America to refer to a huge tree ("Travels in the Tropics of the New World"). However, it was not until the latter half of the 19th century, when environmental destruction, which was different from the agricultural and livestock era, began to accumulate, that the term became established. The protection of nature became an issue in the three advanced countries of England, America, and Germany at roughly the same time, but Prussia (present-day Germany) was the earliest of them, where calls for the protection of natural monuments as symbols of local patriotism were made. According to Article 2 of the operating principles of the "Prussian National Institute for the Protection and Management of Natural Monuments," which was established in 1906, "Natural monuments are natural objects that are particularly distinctive of a locality. In particular, they are objects that exist in their original place, whether they are part of the landscape, the appearance of the land, or types of flora and fauna."

In Japan at the beginning of the 20th century, the movement was inspired by the German movement to protect natural monuments, against the backdrop of growing nationalism around the time of the Russo-Japanese War, the development of heavy industry and other industries, and the associated destruction of nature in urban areas during the construction of industrial infrastructure such as roads and railways. In 1907 (Meiji 40), Miyoshi Manabu (botany), a professor at Tokyo Imperial University, published an article in a magazine entitled "On the necessity and measures for the preservation of natural monuments," calling for the preservation of natural monuments. With the support of Tokugawa Yorimichi (1872-1925), a member of the House of Peers, and others, the proposal by Miyoshi Manabu and others was submitted to the Diet in 1911 as the "Proposal for the Preservation of Historic Sites and Natural Monuments," and was passed by both the House of Representatives and the House of Peers. After that, the "Association for the Preservation of Historic Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty, and Natural Monuments" was established, and the Association played a central role in arousing public opinion, leading to the enactment of the "Law for the Preservation of Historic Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty, and Natural Monuments" in the Diet in 1919 (Taisho 8), proposed by Tokugawa Yorimichi and six others, and a legal system for their protection was put in place. This law was later succeeded by the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, which was enacted in 1950 (Showa 25) following the burning of the Golden Hall of Horyuji Temple, and has remained in place to this day.

[Yoshiaki Shinada]

Recent trends

It is said that the destruction of nature after the Second World War has simplified Japan's natural environment. As a result, plants and animals that depend on nature are changing in two directions. One is a rapid decline due to the destruction, and the other is a sometimes explosive increase as they adapt to the simplified nature. The latter often causes friction with human life through damage to crops, which can be problematic, and for this reason the protection of natural monuments is becoming increasingly difficult. Furthermore, in response to the progression of the destruction of nature, social demands regarding nature are also changing. One example is the acquisition of cultural value in natural forests, which were once found everywhere, and efforts are being made to protect them.

Regarding designated natural monuments, Article 125 of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties requires permission from the Commissioner of the Agency for Cultural Affairs for any action that would affect the change or preservation of the designated property, and the penalties are heavy for this type of cultural law, including imprisonment for up to five years. In addition to these regulations, measures are being taken for protection, proliferation, and natural restoration.

[Yoshiaki Shinada]

Major natural monuments

As of March 1, 2019, there are 1,030 nationally designated natural monuments (of which 75 are special natural monuments). Broken down by type, there are 196 animals (of which 21 are special natural monuments; same below), 555 plants (30), 256 geological and mineral objects (20), and 23 natural conservation areas (4). The main ones are as follows:

[Yoshiaki Shinada]

animal

Well-known endemic species in Japan include the Amami rabbit, dormouse, albatross, Japanese bush warbler, and giant salamander, and although not endemic, species such as the red-crowned crane and stork are also well known, with distributions limited to the area around Japan. Valuable biological communities include the cranes and their migratory habitats in Kagoshima Prefecture, several Genji firefly habitats, a sea bream habitat in Tainoura, Chiba Prefecture, and a horseshoe crab breeding ground in Kasaoka, Okayama Prefecture. Other examples include the Misaki horses and their breeding grounds in Toimisaki, Miyazaki Prefecture, the Mishima cattle breeding area in Hagi City, Yamaguchi Prefecture, livestock and poultry such as the long-tailed cranes of Tosa, and naturalized species such as magpies and collared pigeons.

[Yoshiaki Shinada]

plant

In this field, there are primeval forests that show Japan's ancient nature, such as the Maruyama Primeval Forest, Moiwa Primeval Forest, and Kasugayama Primeval Forest in Sapporo, which remain like islands in residential areas, as well as shrine groves that still retain vestiges of primeval forests in areas where primeval forests can no longer be found, such as the Kashima Forest in Miyazaki, Toyama Prefecture, which remains as a tropical forest, and alpine plant zones and marshes that have developed in special locations, as well as plant communities on special rocky ground, such as the Hakuba Mountains alpine plant zone in Nagano, Niigata, and Toyama Prefectures, the Kirigamine Marshland Plant Community in Nagano Prefecture, and the Ishinomaki Limestone Plant Community in Aichi Prefecture, which are valuable fragments of nature that are being lost. In addition, there are many designated species of representative wilderness plant communities, coastal vegetation, plant communities growing in caves, species that indicate the northern and southern limits of their distribution, as well as large trees, unusual trees, rare trees, and tree-lines that demonstrate the wonders of the natural world.

[Yoshiaki Shinada]

Geology and Minerals

In this field, there are folding and faulting of the strata, as well as unique geological strata that serve as evidence of the country's history, such as the Neodani Fault (Gifu Prefecture) that occurred during the Nobi earthquake of 1891 (Meiji 24), and the raised coastlines of Kisakata in Akita Prefecture and Moroisō in Kanagawa Prefecture, which vividly display uplift and subsidence phenomena. There are also representative examples of erosion phenomena that show the forces changing the terrain, such as the potholes at Hisuikyo Gorge in Gifu Prefecture, Doro Hatchō in Wakayama, Mie, and Nara Prefectures, and Kiyotsukyo Gorge in Niigata Prefecture. In addition, the representative glacial ruins are the cirque group of Mt. Yakushi in Toyama Prefecture, the Shiraito Falls in Shizuoka Prefecture where a large amount of groundwater springs out is an example of water circulation, and limestone topography includes Akiyoshido Cave and Akiyoshidai in Yamaguchi Prefecture. In addition, volcanoes such as Showa Shinzan in Hokkaido, sources of rocks and minerals, as well as sources of fossils such as ichthyosaurs and specimens of Ezo Mikasaryu are also designated.

In addition to the animals, plants, and geological minerals mentioned above, there are also natural conservation areas designated to encompass all of these, such as Kamikochi in Nagano Prefecture, Oze in Fukushima, Gunma, and Niigata prefectures, and the Kushiro Marsh in Hokkaido.

[Yoshiaki Shinada]

Extinction and conservation

Among the natural monuments, there are some that are already extinct and some that are in danger of extinction and have not yet been protected. These are as follows:

[Yoshiaki Shinada]

Extinct natural monuments

The Japanese ox (Kagoshima) became extinct during the Second World War, and the northern kittiwake (Tsushima) has not been seen since its designation in 1923 (Taisho 12) and is believed to have become extinct. These have since been removed from the designation. The Japanese river otter is also believed to be extinct, as its last confirmed presence was in 1979 (Showa 54).

[Yoshiaki Shinada]

Endangered natural monuments

These include the Japanese crested ibis, the white stork, and the albatross. The Japanese crested ibis, which is an endemic species of only one genus and species, is designated as an internationally protected bird, and its recovery is the focus of worldwide attention. A plan to reintroduce the white stork to the wild is underway, based at Hyogo Prefectural Oriental White Stork Park. The number of red-crowned cranes once dwindled to just over twenty, but they have been successfully fed in the winter, and the number of birds observed, which was 33 in a survey in Hokkaido in 1952, has recovered to 300 in the 1980s. A survey in January 2012 (Heisei 24) saw 1,143 birds observed.

[Yoshiaki Shinada]

"Cultural Properties Protection Committee ed., Catalogue of Special Historic Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty and Natural Monuments (1963, Daiichi Hoki Publishing)""Kodama Kota and Nakano Hiroshi eds., Practical Guide to Cultural Property Protection (1979, Kashiwa Shobo) " ▽ "Encyclopedia of Natural Monuments supervised by the Agency for Cultural Affairs' Cultural Properties Protection Department (1981, Daiichi Hoki Publishing) " ▽ "Catalog of Designated Historic Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty and Natural Monuments" supervised by the Agency for Cultural Affairs (1984, Daiichi Hoki Publishing)" ▽ "Kato Mutsuo, Numata Makoto, Watanabe Kagetaka and Hata Masanori eds., Japan's Natural Monuments, 6 volumes (1984, Kodansha)""Nature Journey: Japan's Natural Monuments (2003, Kodansha)""Masui Mitsuko and Makita Akifumi eds., Japan's Special Natural Monuments - Crested Ibis, River Otters, Marimo... 75 Natural Treasures" (2006, JTB Publishing)

[References] | Albatross | Stork | Endangered species | Red-crowned crane | Crested ibis | Japanese river otter | Cultural Properties Protection Law | Humboldt | Miyoshi Manabu

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義には日本の自然を理解するうえで欠くことのできない自然および自然現象をいい、狭義には文化財保護法によって指定された動物、植物、地質鉱物などをさす。同法では、動物(生息地、繁殖地および渡来地を含む)、植物(自生地を含む)、および地質鉱物(特異な自然の現象を生じている土地を含む)などで、日本にとって学術上価値の高いものを文化財と定義し、その重要なものを指定基準に基づいて天然記念物としている。また、そのうち世界的にまた国家的に価値がとくに高いものを特別天然記念物に指定している。法令上の天然記念物には、文化財保護法に基づいて指定された狭義の天然記念物のほか、地方公共団体の条例によって指定された都道府県および市町村指定天然記念物がある。地方公共団体指定の天然記念物は、通常は天然記念物とはいわず「○○県指定天然記念物」のように表示している。「天然記念物」ということばは、ドイツ語のNaturdenkmalを明治時代末期に訳したものであるが、当時はまだ「自然」ということばを一般には使わず、「天然、天理、造化」といっていたためにこの訳が生まれた。英語訳はnatural monumentであるが、アメリカ合衆国では保護制度上「国家記念物」national monumentといい、文化的記念物も含んでいる。

[品田 穣]

歴史

天然記念物(前述のドイツ語Naturdenkmal)の語は、1800年にドイツのA・von・フンボルトが南アメリカを旅行した際に、1本の巨大な木をさして初めて使っている(『新大陸の熱帯地方紀行』)。しかし、ことばとしての定着をみたのは、農牧時代とは異質の自然破壊が累積してきた19世紀後半になってからである。自然の保護が問題になってきたのは、イギリス、アメリカ、ドイツの先進三国がほぼ同時期であるが、そのなかでもプロイセン(現在のドイツ)がもっとも早く、ここでは郷土愛のシンボルとして天然記念物の保護が叫ばれた。1906年に発足した「プロイセン天然記念物保護管理国立研究所」の活動原則第2条によると「天然記念物とは、とくに特色ある郷土の自然物をいう。とりわけ土地の風景の一部であれ、大地の様相であれ、動植物の類であれ、その本来の場所に存在するものをいう」としている。

 日本では20世紀の初め、日露戦争前後のナショナリズムの高まりと、重工業を中心とした産業の発展、それに伴う道路・鉄道などの産業基盤整備の段階での都市近郊の自然破壊を背景に、ドイツの天然記念物保護運動に刺激されて発生した。1907年(明治40)東京帝国大学教授の三好学(みよしまなぶ)(植物学)は雑誌に「天然記念物保存の必要竝(なら)びに其(その)保存策に就(つい)て」と題した一文を載せ、天然記念物の保存を訴えた。三好学らの提唱は、貴族院議員徳川頼倫(よりみち)(1872―1925)らの支援を得て、1911年「史蹟(しせき)及天然記念物保存ニ関スル建議案」として国会に提出され、衆・貴両議院で可決された。その後、「史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存協會」が設立され、同協会が中心となった運動で世論を喚起し、1919年(大正8)に徳川頼倫ほか6人の発議による「史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法」が国会で成立し、その保護法制が整った。その後同法は1950年(昭和25)、法隆寺金堂の焼失を契機に制定された文化財保護法に継承され、現在に至っている。

[品田 穣]

近年の動向

第二次世界大戦後の自然破壊により、日本の自然は単純化してきたといわれる。このため、自然に依存している動植物は二つの方向に分かれて変化しつつある。一つは破壊により急速に衰減化する方向で、もう一つは単純化した自然に適応してときには爆発的に増加する方向である。後者はしばしば農作物被害を通して人間生活との軋轢(あつれき)を生み問題となることがあり、このため天然記念物の保護はとくに困難の度を加えつつある。また、自然の破壊の進展に対応して自然に対する社会的要請にも変化が生じている。かつてはどこにでもみられた天然林に文化財的価値が生じ、その保護に力が入れられているのはその一例である。

 指定された天然記念物については、文化財保護法第125条で、指定物件の現状の変更および保存に影響を及ぼす行為は文化庁長官の許可を要することとし、罰則も5年以下の懲役もしくは禁錮などと、この種の文化法としては重い罰則を設けている。こうした規制のほか、保護・増殖や自然回復などの措置を講じている。

[品田 穣]

おもな天然記念物

2019年(平成31)3月1日の時点で、国指定の天然記念物は1030件(うち特別天然記念物は75件)であり、種類別指定件数でみると、動物196件(うち特別天然記念物21件。以下同)、植物555件(30件)、地質鉱物256件(20件)、天然保護区域23件(4件)となっている。そのおもなものは次のとおりである。

[品田 穣]

動物

日本固有種で著名なものには、たとえばアマミノクロウサギ、ヤマネ、アホウドリ、メグロ、オオサンショウウオなどがあり、固有ではないがタンチョウ、コウノトリなど日本周辺に分布が限られているものもよく知られる。また、貴重な生物群集として、鹿児島県のツルおよびその渡来地や数か所のゲンジボタル発生地、千葉県鯛ノ浦(たいのうら)のタイ生息地、岡山県笠岡(かさおか)のカブトガニ繁殖地などがある。このほか宮崎県都井岬(といみさき)の岬馬(御崎馬)およびその繁殖地、山口県萩(はぎ)市の見島(みしま)ウシ産地、土佐のオナガドリなどの家畜・家禽(かきん)やカササギ、シラコバトなどの帰化種も含まれている。

[品田 穣]

植物

この分野では、日本古来の自然を示す原始林、たとえば住宅地の中に島のように残された札幌の円山(まるやま)原始林、藻岩(もいわ)原始林、奈良の春日山(かすがやま)原始林や、原始林がすでにみられない地域での社叢(しゃそう)のように原始林のおもかげを残すもの、たとえば暖帯林としてわずかに残った富山県の宮崎鹿島(かしま)樹叢などがある。特殊な立地のもとで発達した高山植物帯・湿原、特殊岩石地植物群落などでは、たとえば長野・新潟・富山県の白馬連山(しろうまれんざん)高山植物帯、長野県の霧ヶ峰湿原植物群落、愛知県の石巻山(いしまきさん)石灰岩地植物群落など失われつつある自然の断片として貴重なものがある。このほか、代表的な原野植物群落、海岸植生、洞穴に自生する植物群落、分布の北限や南限など生育限界を示すもの、また自然界の驚異を示す大木、奇木、珍木、並木などの指定も多い。

[品田 穣]

地質・鉱物

この分野では、国土の歴史を示す証拠となるような地層の褶曲(しゅうきょく)や断層、特異な地層、たとえば1891年(明治24)の濃尾(のうび)地震の際の根尾谷(ねおだに)断層(岐阜県)や、隆起・沈降現象を生々しく示す秋田県の象潟(きさかた)や神奈川県諸磯(もろいそ)の隆起海岸などがあるほか、地形を変える営力を示す侵食現象の代表的なものとして、岐阜県飛水峡(ひすいきょう)の甌穴(おうけつ)群、和歌山・三重・奈良県の瀞八丁(どろはっちょう)、新潟県の清津峡(きよつきょう)などがある。また、氷河遺跡として代表的なものに富山県薬師岳の圏谷(けんこく)群があり、大量の地下水が湧出(ゆうしゅつ)する静岡県白糸ノ滝などは水の循環を示すものの例で、石灰岩地形としては山口県の秋芳洞(あきよしどう)や秋吉台などがある。このほか、北海道の昭和新山などの火山や、岩石や鉱物の産地、さらに魚竜などの化石産地やエゾミカサリュウなどの標本も指定されている。

 以上の動物、植物、地質鉱物のほかに、それらを包括的に指定した天然保護区域があり、長野県の上高地、福島・群馬・新潟県の尾瀬、北海道の釧路(くしろ)湿原などが指定されている。

[品田 穣]

絶滅と保護

天然記念物のなかには、すでに絶滅したものや、絶滅の危機に瀕(ひん)し保護の成果がまたれるものがある。それらは次のようである。

[品田 穣]

絶滅した天然記念物

第二次世界大戦中にウシウマ(鹿児島)が絶滅し、このほかにキタタキ(対馬(つしま))が1923年(大正12)の指定当時から確認されず絶滅したとみられる。これらは指定を解除されている。また、ニホンカワウソも、1979年(昭和54)を最後に生息を確認できないことから、絶滅したものと考えられている。

[品田 穣]

絶滅に瀕している天然記念物

トキ、コウノトリ、アホウドリなどである。1属1種の特産種トキ(絶滅危惧(きぐ)ⅠA)は国際保護鳥にも指定され、その回復は世界の注視の的である。コウノトリは兵庫県立コウノトリの郷公園(さとこうえん)を拠点とした野生復帰計画が進行中である。また、タンチョウは、一時二十数羽になったが、冬季の給餌(きゅうじ)に成功し、1952年北海道の調査で33羽だった観察数は、1980年代には300羽に達するまでに回復した。2012年(平成24)1月の調査では1143羽が観察されている。

[品田 穣]

『文化財保護委員会編『特別史跡名勝天然記念物図録』(1963・第一法規出版)』『児玉幸多・仲野浩編『文化財保護の実務』(1979・柏書房)』『文化庁文化財保護部監修『天然記念物事典』(1981・第一法規出版)』『文化庁編『史跡名勝天然記念物指定目録』(1984・第一法規出版)』『加藤陸奥雄・沼田真・渡部景隆・畑正憲編『日本の天然記念物』全6巻(1984・講談社)』『『自然紀行 日本の天然記念物』(2003・講談社)』『増井光子・蒔田明史監修『日本の特別天然記念物――トキ、カワウソ、マリモ…自然の宝75』(2006・JTBパブリッシング)』

[参照項目] | アホウドリ | コウノトリ | 絶滅危惧種 | タンチョウ | トキ | ニホンカワウソ | 文化財保護法 | フンボルト | 三好学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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