Richards, Ivor Armstrong

Japanese: リチャーズ（英語表記）Richards， Ivor Armstrong

Born: 26 February 1893. Sandbach, Cheshire
[Died] September 7, 1979. British critic and poet from Cambridge. One of the founders of Basic English. Studied at Cambridge University, he taught at his alma mater, Beijing and Harvard, and visited Japan several times. He brought fresh air to many fields with his semantics and literary theory based on psychological linguistic research. His representative works include The Meaning of Meaning (1923), co-authored with C.K. Ogden, The Principles of Literary Criticism (24) and its sister volume Practical Criticism (29). His other important works include Science and Poetry (26), Coleridge on Imagination (34), and The Philosophy of Rhetoric (37).

Richards
Richards, Dickinson Woodruff

Born October 30, 1895 in Orange, New Jersey
Died: February 23, 1973. Lakeville, Connecticut. American physician. Graduate of Yale and Columbia Universities. Associate professor at Columbia Medical School in 1928, professor at the same university from 1947 to 1961, and professor emeritus from 1961. Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Bellevue Hospital in New York from 1945 to 1961. From 1932, together with his colleague A. Cournan, he further developed the cardiac catheterization technique invented by German physician W. Forssmann, successfully measuring blood pressure inside the heart and establishing a means of understanding the condition inside the heart. He also conducted comprehensive research on the lungs and heart, and perfected a surgical method for congenital heart disease in children, making significant contributions to the development of thoracic surgery. In 1956, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Forssmann and Cournan for their research into cardiac catheterization.

Richards
Richards, Theodore William

Born January 31, 1868 in Germantown, Pennsylvania.
[Died] April 2, 1928. Cambridge, Massachusetts. American chemist. Studied at Harvard University, and after receiving his doctorate in 1888, he studied abroad in Germany. Upon returning to the United States (1894), he was welcomed by the staff of his alma mater and became a professor of chemistry (1901). He precisely measured the atomic weights of about 60 elements using chemical methods. In 1913, he demonstrated slight differences in the atomic weight of lead extracted from various minerals, confirming the existence of isotopes. In 1914, he became the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Richards
Richards, William

Born August 22, 1793 in Plainfield, Massachusetts.
[Died] November 7, 1847. Honolulu. American missionary. In 1822, he traveled to Hawaii and became a missionary for the Congregational Church. In 1838, he became an advisor and interpreter for the Hawaiian king, and contributed to improving Hawaii's economy and political organization. In 1842, he had the United States recognize Hawaii's independence, and then traveled to London as a special envoy from Hawaii, where he succeeded in gaining recognition from Britain and France.

Richards
Richards, Linda

[Born] 1841
[Died] 1930
The first licensed nurse in the United States. She received formal nursing education in 1873. As well as being a pioneer of American nursing, she also spent four and a half years in Japan from 1886, laying the foundations for modern nursing.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1893.2.26. チェシャー，サンドバッチ
[没]1979.9.7. ケンブリッジ
イギリスの批評家，詩人。基礎英語の創始者の一人。ケンブリッジ大学に学び，母校および北京，ハーバード各大学で教え，日本にも数度来訪した。心理学による言語研究を基礎とする意味論，文学論によって各方面に新風を吹込んだ。 C.K.オグデンとの共著『意味の意味』 The Meaning of Meaning (1923) ，『文芸批評の諸原理』 The Principles of Literary Criticism (24) とその姉妹編『実践的批評』 Practical Criticism (29) が代表作。『科学と詩』 Science and Poetry (26) ，『コールリッジの想像力説』 Coleridge on Imagination (34) ，『修辞の哲学』 The Philosophy of Rhetoric (37) も重要。

リチャーズ
Richards， Dickinson Woodruff

[生]1895.10.30. ニュージャージー，オレンジ
[没]1973.2.23. コネティカット，レークビル
アメリカの医師。エール，コロンビア両大学を卒業。 1928年コロンビア医科大学助教授，47～61年同大学教授，61年から名誉教授。 45～61年，ニューヨークのベルビュー病院医学部長。 32年から同僚の A.クールナンとともに，ドイツの医師 W.フォルスマンの発明した心臓カテーテル法をさらに発展させて心臓内の血圧測定に成功し，かつ心臓内部の状況を知る手段を確立し，肺と心臓の総括的研究を行い，小児の先天的心臓病の手術法を完成させるなど，胸部外科の発展に大きく貢献した。心臓カテーテル法の研究で，フォルスマン，クールナンとともに，56年ノーベル生理学・医学賞受賞。

リチャーズ
Richards， Theodore William

[生]1868.1.31. ペンシルバニア，ジャーマンタウン
[没]1928.4.2. マサチューセッツ，ケンブリッジ
アメリカの化学者。ハーバード大学で学び，1888年学位取得後，ドイツに留学。帰国 (1894) 後，母校のスタッフに迎えられ，化学教授となった (1901) 。約 60の元素について，化学的方法によって原子量を精密に測定。 1913年，各種の鉱物からとった鉛の原子量にわずかの違いがあることを示し，同位体の存在を確証した。 14年にアメリカ人としては初めてのノーベル化学賞を受賞した。

リチャーズ
Richards， William

[生]1793.8.22. マサチューセッツ，プレーンフィールド
[没]1847.11.7. ホノルル
アメリカの宣教師。 1822年ハワイへ渡り，会衆派教会の宣教師となった。 38年ハワイ王の顧問，通訳となり，ハワイ経済，政治組織の改善に貢献。 42年ハワイの独立をアメリカに承認させ，次いでハワイの特別使節としてロンドンにおもむき，イギリス，フランスの承認獲得に成功。