French physicist. Born in Paris. Widely known for the Langevin function related to the magnetism of materials and the Langevin equation related to Brownian motion. After graduating from the École Normale Supérieure, he studied at Cambridge University, where he was taught by J. J. Thomson along with Rutherford and others. After returning to Japan, he studied under P. Curie at the Sorbonne (University of Paris). In 1902, he became a professor at the Collège de France. He was a member of the Academie des Sciences. His initial research was on the behavior of ions in gases, for which he received his doctorate (1902), and in 1905 he discovered Langevin ions in the atmosphere. Some of his experiments were carried out on top of the Eiffel Tower. He became famous for the theory of magnetism published in the same year, which bears his name. It assumed magnetized electrons, treated them using classical statistical mechanics, and derived the relationship between the magnetization of paramagnetic gases and temperature. It was at this time that he introduced the Langevin function, which is generally found in the theories of magnetic materials and dielectrics. This theory developed into what is known as the Langevin-Weiss theory for ferromagnetic materials. The Langevin theory provides the starting point for today's theories of magnetic materials and dielectrics. Among his achievements, the theory of Brownian motion (1908) that still plays a direct and important role today is that of the Langevin equation, a probabilistic equation of motion describing the Brownian motion of particles, which is still frequently used in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics today. He also had a significant interest in the theory of relativity, and in 1906, independently of Einstein, he established the equivalence of mass and energy. During World War II, Langevin joined the anti-Nazi resistance movement, and during the post-war reconstruction of France, he proposed a plan for democratic education reform that became widely known after his death as the "Langevin-Walloon Plan for Educational Reform." [Arakawa Hiroshi] "Science Education" by Langevin, translated by Takeuchi Yoshitomo and Niimura Takeshi (1961, Meiji Tosho Publishing) [References] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの物理学者。パリに生まれる。物質の磁性に関するランジュバン関数、ブラウン運動についてのランジュバン方程式などで広く知られる。高等師範学校(エコール・ノルマル・シュペリュール)卒業後、ケンブリッジ大学に学び、ラザフォードらとともにJ・J・トムソンの教えを受ける。帰国後、ソルボンヌ大学(パリ大学)で、P・キュリーの下で研究。1902年コレージュ・ド・フランスの教授となる。科学アカデミー会員。 当初の研究は、気体中のイオンの挙動に関するものであり、それで学位を取得(1902)、1905年には大気中のランジュバン・イオンを発見した。実験のいくつかはエッフェル塔の上で行われた。彼の名を著名にしたのは、その名でよばれる、同年発表された磁性理論である。それは、磁化電子を仮定し、古典統計力学的に取り扱って、常磁性気体の磁化と温度との関係を導いた。このとき導入されたのがランジュバン関数であり、一般に磁性体、誘電体などの理論でみられるものである。以上の理論は、強磁性体の場合のランジュバン‐ワイス理論といわれるものに発展する。ランジュバン理論は今日の磁性体論、誘電体論などへの出発点を与えるものである。 彼の業績で今日なお直接に重要な役割を果たしているのが、ブラウン運動に関する理論(1908)であり、そこで提起された粒子のブラウン運動を記述する確率的な運動方程式としてのランジュバン方程式は、非平衡統計力学において今日つねに取り上げられるものである。彼は相対性理論にも重大な関心を寄せ、1906年にアインシュタインと独立に、質量とエネルギーの同等性についての関係を打ち立てている。 ランジュバンは第二次世界大戦中、反ナチスのレジスタンス運動に加わり、戦後フランスの再建にあたって、彼のたてた民主的教育改革案は「ランジュバン‐ワロン教育改革案」として死後広く知られるものとなった。 [荒川 泓] 『ランジュバン著、竹内良知・新村猛訳『科学教育論』(1961・明治図書出版)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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