Marcel, Étienne

Japanese: マルセル（英語表記）Marcel， Étienne

[Born] Around 1315
[Died] July 31, 1358. French politician. Born into a wealthy merchant family belonging to the Paris wool merchants' guild. Elected president of the Paris Merchants' Association (effectively mayor of Paris) in 1355, he played a leading role in the Three Estates General. After King John II was captured by the English in the defeat at Poitiers, he organized a citizen militia to defend Paris. At the Three Estates General in 1357, he forced the Crown Prince Charles to issue a Grand Edict that limited the king's right to collect taxes and placed emphasis on the Three Estates General in national political reform. When the Crown Prince refused to implement the Grand Edict, he killed two of the Prince's aides in front of the Crown Prince in February 1358 and started an open rebellion (the Etienne-Marcel Rebellion). He attempted a peasant uprising with the Jacquerie (→Jacquerie Rebellion) but was unsuccessful. He then conspired with Charles II of Navarre (the Evil King), who was seeking the French throne, in an attempt to bring English troops into the capital, which enraged the Parisians and led to his death by his opponents.

Marcel
Marcel, Gabriel

Born: December 7, 1889 in Paris
[Died] October 8, 1973. Paris. French philosopher and playwright. In 1912, he went to Switzerland after falling ill, and during World War I, he participated in Red Cross activities, where he developed an interest in human existence. In 1929, he converted to Catholicism. His Journal métaphysique (1927) already dealt with many of the issues that would later be developed in existentialism, and he is considered a representative of Christian existentialism. However, he disliked systematization and placed emphasis on questioning, and called himself a neo-Socratic. He visited Japan twice, in 1957 and 1966, and gave lectures in various places. His major works include Être et avoir (Being and Possession) (35), Homo viator (The Travelling Man) (45), and Le Mystére de l'être (The Mystery of Being) (2 volumes, 51). He wrote about 20 plays.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1315頃
[没]1358.7.31. パリ
フランスの政治家。パリ毛織物商業組合に属する富商の出身。 1355年パリ商人会頭 (実質上のパリ市長) に選ばれ，全国三部会で指導的な役割を演じた。ポアティエの敗戦で国王ジャン2世がイングランドに捕えられたのち，市民軍を組織してパリを防衛。 57年の全国三部会で，皇太子シャルルに迫って，王の徴税権制限と全国三部会重視の国政改革を目的とする大勅令を公布させた。皇太子が大勅令の実施を拒否したため，58年2月皇太子の面前でその側近2名を殺害し，公然と反乱を起した (エティエンヌ・マルセルの乱) 。ジャックリーと農民暴動 (→ジャックリーの乱 ) をはかったが成功せず，フランス王位をねらうナバール (ナバラ) 王シャルル2世 (邪悪王) と結託してそのイングランド人部隊を首都に導入しようとして，パリ市民の反感を買い，反対派のために殺害された。

マルセル
Marcel， Gabriel

[生]1889.12.7. パリ
[没]1973.10.8. パリ
フランスの哲学者，劇作家。 1912年病んでスイスに行き，第1次世界大戦中は赤十字活動に参加，人間の実存への関心を深めた。 29年カトリックに入信。『形而上学的日記』 Journal métaphysique (1927) はすでにのちの実存主義が展開する多くの問題を扱っており，キリスト教的実存主義の代表者とされる。しかし体系化をきらって問いかけを重視する彼は，新ソクラテス派を自称した。 57，66年の2度来日し，各地で講演を行なった。主著に『存在と所有』 Être et avoir (35) ，『旅する人間』 Homo viator (45) ，『存在の神秘』 Le Mystére de l'être (2巻，51) など。戯曲は約 20編。

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